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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

BULLETIN 56 



ETHNOZOOLOQY OF THE 
TEWA INDIANS 



BY 

JUNIUS HENDERSON" 

AND 

JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON 




516395 






WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1914 




Monograph 



,f 5 



H 



°\ 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



The School op American Archaeology, 

Santa Fe, N. Mex., November 1, 1912. 
Dear Sir: I herewith transmit the manuscript of a paper entitled 
"Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians/' by Junius Henderson and John 
P. Harrington. I am authorized by the managing committee of The 
School of American Archaeology to offer this work for publication by 
the Bureau of American Ethnology as a part of the results of the coop- 
erative work of our respective institutions during 1910 and 1911. 
I am, very truly, yours, 

Edgar L. Hewett, 
Director, The School of American Archaeology. 
Mr. F. W. Hodge, 

Ethnologist in Charge, 

Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, I). ('. 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 



Smithsonian Institution, 
Bureau of American Ethnology, 

Washington, D. C, November 22, 1912. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit, with the recommendation that it 
be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology the 
manuscript of a memoir bearing the title ' ' Ethnozoology of the Tewa 
Indians," by Junius Henderson and John P. Harrington. 

This memoir embodies a part of the results of the joint researches 
conducted in New Mexico by the Bureau of American Ethnology and 
The School of American Archaeology during 1910 and 1911. 
Very respectfully, 

F. W. Hodge, 
Ethnologist in Charge. 
Hon. Charles D. Walcott, 

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Phonetic key ix 

General considerations 1 

Classification of animals 9 

Annotated list of animals 12 

Mammals 12 

Birds 33 

Reptiles 46 

Lizards 47 

Snakes 50 

Turtles 52 

Amphibians (Batrachians) 52 

Salamanders, frogs, toads 53 

Fishes 54 

Insects 56 

Crustaceans, myriapods, and arachnids 60 

Mollusks 61 

The lower invertebrates 67 

Coral 68 

Bibliography 69 

Index 73 



PHONETIC KEY 

It is necessary to preface this memoir with a key to the Tewa 
sounds and the symbols adopted to represent them. 

1. Orinasal vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages 
open: a (Eng. father, but orinasal), z§ (Eng. man, but orinasal), 
£ (moderately close e, orinasal), \ (Portuguese sim), q. (French pas, 
but orinasal), o (moderately close o, orinasal), y, (Portuguese atotm). 

2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose 
passage closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e), 
i (Eng. routine), o (moderately close o), u (Eng. rule). 

An inverted period after a vowel symbol indicates that the vowel 
is long. A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very 
short and grating (knarrstimmig). The vowels are breathy, and 
unless followed by the glottal stop, a glottalized stop, or a voiced 
sound, an aspiration is distinctly heard toward the end. 

3. Semi-vowels: j (Ger. j&, but very fricative), w (Eng. way). 

4. Laryngeal consonants: h (laryngeal h), ' (glottal stop, lenis). 

5. Dorsal consonants: k (voiceless lenis), kw (voiceless lenis 
labialized, Latin quis), Jc (glottalized), k' (aspirated), [/ (Eng. finger, 
voiced inflative a preplosively nasal), g (Castilian aboaado), qw 
(Castilian juez), y (Eng. singer), yw (Eng. Langru'orthy). 

In absolute auslaut y is somewhat palatal, also before ; and h. 
Before frontal consonants y is assimilated to n, before labial con- 
sonants to m. 

6. Frontal consonants: n (Castilian mawana), t (voiceless lenis) ; 
t (glottalized), t' (aspirated), d (Eng. lano'ing, inflative d preplosively 
nasal), jl (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. zejin, but very lenis), fs (Ger. z, 
glottalized), s (Eng. saw), tf (Eng. chew, but lenis), tf (Eng. chew, 
glottalized), f (Eng. ship) (/» is the capital of f), n (Eng. now). 

7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lems), p (glottalized), p, 
(aspirated), b (Eng. lam&ent, voiced inflative b preplosively nasal), 
b (Castilian cafeallo), m (Eng. man). 

The sound of I is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San 
Ildefonso polamimi, 'butterfly'. 

The consonants may also be classified as follows: 
Voiced constringents : j, w. 
Voiceless fricatives: h, s, f. 
Voiceless fricatives labialized : qw* 



X BUREAU OF AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY [Brr.r. 56 

Voiceless lenis sonoplosive clusives, labialized: kw. 
Voiceless glottalized clusives: k, f, p. 

Voiceless lenis affricative clusives: ts, if. 

Voiceless glottalized affricative clusives: ts, ff. 

Voiceless aspirate clusives: k\ t\ p'. 

Voiced inflative clusives, preplosively nasal: g, d, b. 

Voiced levis clusives: g, ./, t>. 

Voiced nasals: y, %, n, m. 

The following phoneme are consonant diphthongs: qw, kw,ts, fs,tf, 
ff, g, d, and b. In the glottalized clusives (k, t, ts, ff, ft) the glottal 
plosion follows the oral plosion, even following the glided or sukuned 
s and / of Ihe consonantal diphthongs. That is, the k,t,ts, tf, or p 
is completely immersed in a glottal elusive. It has been deter- 
mined that, at least in many instances, g and g, d and d, b and ft are 
respectively but two aspects of the same phonem, as is the case with 
Castilian g and levis g, d and levis d, b and levis b. The consonants 
occur in one length only. They may be more or less orinasal when 
contiguous to orinasal vowels. The sonancy of the voiceless lenis 
clusives begins nearly simultaneously with the explosion. 

A grave accent is placed over the vowel of a syllable weakly 
stressed. Strongly stressed syllables are unmarked. The intonation 
of the syllables is not indicated in this memoir. 

Phonetic Spelling op 1 non-Tewa Words 

The symbols used in Tewa have the same value as in Tewa. 

Sounds not occurring or not written in Tewa are indicated as 
follows: Vowels: a (French patte), a (French pas), w (unrounded u). 
The acute accent over a vowel indicates that it is loudly stressed. A 
circle under a vowel indicates that it is surd. 

Consonants: ' (aspiration), h (a peculiar weak aspiration occurring 
in Jemez), k (marginal or "velar'' k, lenis), q (Ger. a,ch), g, d, b (as 
in Eng.); f (bilabial/) after a consonant symbol indicates palatal- 
ized or palatal quality. 



ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 

By Junius Henderson and John Peabody Harrington 1 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 

r ~T'HE fauna of a region, like its flora and geology, bears an inti- 
mate relation to the culture of its human inhabitants. 2 A 
nomadic people is generally of necessity dependent on ani- 
mal life for sustenance, wlrile a sedentary people, if numerous, 
remaining for a long period in permanent habitations, must be 
dependent more largely on direct products of the soil, except perhaps 
when living on the seashore, where almost inexhaustible fisheries 
furnish abundant food, or near the range of such animals as the 
caribou or the now nearly extinct American bison. A large number 
of people remaining constantly in one place and depending the year 
round on the game of the region would soon destroy their food supply. 
A nomadic tribe, wandering hither and thither, is constantly pene- 
trating new game preserves and allowing the game in the old pre- 
serves to increase in abundance. 

The ancient peoples, the remains of whose dwellings are found so 
abundantly in the country of the Tewa Indians, northwest of Santa 
Fe, New Mexico, were surely too numerous to have derived any 
considerable part of their sustenance for even a few months from 
the native mammals, birds, and other animals of the region, even if 
game were much more abundant than now, a condition winch may 
well be doubted. If the simultaneous occupancy of only a small pro- 
portion of the ruins be supposed, there still would not have been 
enough game to support the population. However, it is probable 
that wild game formed an important supplement to the products of 
their cornfields and the native plants. 

Bandeher 3 says of the region about the Rito de los Frijoles : 
Game of all kinds, deer, elk, mountain sheep, bears, and turkeys, roamed about the 
region in numbers, and the brook afforded fish. 

In a footnote he adds: 

All the kinds of game mentioned were abundant around the Rito de los Frijoles in 
former times, but the communal hunts of the Pueblos, and later on the merciless 
slaughter of the Apaches, have greatly reduced it. 

1 The ethnological portion of this memoir is the work of Mr. Harrington, the zoological, that of Pro- 
fessor Henderson. 

2 Springer, Frank, The Field Session of the School of American Archaeology, Sciencf, n. s., xxxn, 623, 
1910. 

3 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 18S5,Partrr, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amer., Arner.ser., tv, 141, 
1892. 

] 



2 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY r bull. 56 

Speaking of the region south of Santa Fe, Morrison l says: 

Black, cinnamon, and occasionally grizzly bear, black and white-tailed deer, and 
i urkc-vs, furnish abundant game to the Indian. The elk, once very plentiful in these 
mountains, is now very rarely seen. 

Other statements of like nature may be found. It is certain that 
since the advent of the wliite man with his death-dealing rifle large 
game animals have greatly decreased in numbers nearly everywhere. 
Any reduction in the abundance of game in the area under discussion 
is probably due to promiscuous hunting at all seasons by both whites 
and Indians supplied with rifles, rather than to the communal hunts 
of the Pueblo Indians or to the raids of roving Apache. Careful 
consideration of all the facts bearing on the question leads to the 
conclusion that game never was very abundant about the Rito de los 
Frijoles. However this may be, it seems certain that it could not 
have remained abundant when the vicinity was occupied by the 
ancient inhabitants and still have furnished them with a large part 
of their food supply. 

In his excellent paper on Pueblo environment, Hough 2 says : 

It is difficult to realize the immense modification of animal and vegetable life which 
the white man has wrought in this region during the 30 years of his active occupancy. 
At the beginning of this period the region was well grassed and supplied with other 
vegetation adequate to the needs of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer; rodent ani- 
mals and birds were plentiful, and carnivores had abundance of prey. As a result of 
vegetation a humus had formed on all protected situations, rainfall was absorbed and 
equalized in distribution, and the terrific denudation which gashes the land at pres- 
ent was not begun. 

The country was adapted to grazing and especially favorable on account of tempera- 
ture and latitude, and at once great herds of cattle, horses and sheep were introduced 
from Texas where the range had failed. The result was that the range became over- 
stocked, the grass disappeared under the tongues and hoofs of myriads of domestic 
animals, shrubs and trees were browsed and destroyed or swept away by fires, from 
certain regions species of plants vanished, and the land lay bare to the augmented 
winds and torrential rains. Trails became profound arroyos and the humus van- 
ished in the streams and the surface of the country was stone, sand and gravel. Not 
the least of this baneful influence was the drying up of springs and other sources of 
water, and more than one observer collected data going to prove the progressive desicca- 
tion of the pueblo region. These facts must be borne in mind in discussion of the 
environment of the Southwest . As an example, it may be stated that in the explora- 
tion of one ancient pueblo at Window, Arizona, the bones of 37 species of animals 
were taken from the house refuse ; it is not probable at present that a naturalist could 
collect 5 of these species from the environment. Wherever the explorer's spade has 
been put in the ancient ruins, facts of this character come to his notice, even if he 
has not heard the story from the early settlers or Indian traditionists. 

While the baneful influence of overstocking the range and other 
follies of white settlers in parts of the West and the Southwest 

i Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieutenant Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cavalry, on the Opera- 
tions of Party No. 2, Colorado Section, Field Season of 1877, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Oeog. Expl. and Sutv. 
W. 100th M< rid., for 1878, p. 137, 1 sTs. 
- Hough, Walter, Pueblo Environment, Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 55th meeting, 1906, pp. 450-51. 



habmngton] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS % 

can not be ignored, the effects are but local. Vast areas in the South- 
west have never been subjected to the ravages of large domestic herds, 
because from the time the region was first explored the lack of water 
has prohibited the use of many such areas for extensive grazing pur- 
poses. A study of the literature of early exploration does not indi- 
cate general distribution of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer, 
and especially is this true of elk. Certainly within the period desig- 
nated (30 years immediately preceding 1906) there has been no gen- 
eral distribution of large game in great herds, although antelope and 
deer have been abundant locally and are still common in places. It 
may be said of the species of animals whose bones have been taken 
from various pueblos that many of them may have been so rare that 
a naturalist might search the region for a year without seeing one. 
The bones represent the accumulated results of many hunting expe- 
ditions, more or less extensive, besides the daily hunting of many 
men for generations. An elk rib was taken from an ancient pueblo 
northwest of Santa Fe, yet old men from two neighboring pueblos 
say they have never seen an elk. Likewise the bison was known to 
many of the old Indians in the upper Rio Grande valley, although 
they had never seen one alive. 

It is exceedingly probable that the important species inhabiting 
the Tewa region during the ancient occupancy were the same as at 
present, except the elk and mountain sheep, which have disappeared. 
The bison, no longer known in New Mexico in a wild state, was not 
found, perhaps, in this part of the Rio Grande valley and could be 
obtained only by barter or by long excursions through a country 
inhabited by hostile tribes. Though the present report lists a large 
number of animals for the region, a critical analysis shows that very 
few of them could have been important as a source of food. 

In this connection the invertebrates may be almost wholly dis- 
regarded, though possibly in seasons of unusual abundance grass- 
hoppers may have been a much-relished addition to the bill of fare; 
they were certainly much used farther west. It must be remembered, 
however, that invasions of these pests in sufficient numbers to make 
them important as a source of food for a large population would mean 
the destruction of the corn crops and of the grass and other vegeta- 
tion on which the game animals feed, thus reducing the supply of 
the ordinary food of the human inhabitants. There were undoubtedly 
fish in all the important streams, but they could not have been 
numerous enough to have played a large part in sustaining the 
number of people who lived in the region, even if the latter were no 
more numerous than at the time of the Spanish conquest. Reptiles 
and amphibians may be wholly disregarded, as they do not occur 
in sufficient numbers to be important, though of course with a more 
abundant water supply there would have been more frogs. Most of 



4 BUKKAlf OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

the species of birds and mammals which occur abundant ly are 
altogether too small and too difficult to obtain with crude weapons 
to be useful as food. Among the birds in this class may be men- 
tioned nut hat dies, hummingbirds, goldfinches, and sparrows. Robins 
and longcrested jays are also common, but a single meal for a fair- 
sized clan would require all that are to be found in any one canyon. 
Pirion and Woodhouse's jays and mourning doves are abundant, 
probably as numerous now as they ever were, but not easy to secure 
even with modern weapons, and may be almost ignored as food 
birds for primitive people. Hawks, owls, and eagles are all too 
pare and too hard to obtain to be considered. During the autumn 
grouse and turkeys were probably obtainable in considerable numbers, 
and, with the ducks and other water birds along the river, constituted 
the on\y really important food birds of the region. 

In case of the mammals, not infrequently a deer, elk, bear, or 
mountain sheep must have been obtained. With hundreds of people 
living on the mesas and in neighboring canyons, all constantly seeking 
to catch or kill these animals for food, we can not suppose their 
existence in much greater numbers than at present, when, though 
hunted with more effective weapons, they surely are not here hunted 
as persistently or by very many people. The same is true of the 
rabbits and squirrels. While they must have had constantly a 
small supply of such game, when the number of mouths awaiting it 
is considered, the meat diet of these ancient people was surely very 
limited. The other mammals were either too small or too rare 
to add materially to the food supply. 

This region is almost undisturbed by civilization and therefore 
affords an excellent field for the naturalist as well as for the study 
of ethnozoology. There seems no good reason for supposing any 
great change in the fauna of the locality since the period of its occu- 
pancy by the people who constructed the pueblos and other dwellings 
long ago abandoned. Changes in faunas usually progress slowly, 
notwithstanding such conspicuous examples of rapid extermination 
or of introduction of species as are afforded by the bison, the passenger 
pigeon, and the English sparrow in America. Such examples, due 
to the superior facilities for destruction or introduction developed 
by the white race, are abnormal. It is quite possible that a few 
species besides elk and mountain sheep have disappeared from the 
vicinity within the period of human occupancy and that some others 
have extended their range into tins area, though there is no evidence 
of such changes. The topography is certainly virtually the same 
as it has been for a \ cry long period. If there has beef) since the 
"beginning of human occupancy a general desiccation of the count in- 
sufficient to reduce the possibilities in the line of agriculture, it 
would not necessarily have produced much, if any, change in the 



iikxi.kiis.,x "I ETHNOZOOLOCV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 5 

HABRINGTONJ 

native uncultivated flora, and without considerable change in topog- 
raphy and flora there would be little change in the fauna. 1 

In event of such desiccation some local migrations of species sug- 
gest themselves as possible. During August the writers found no 
blackbirds or meadowlarks on the mesas or in the canyons examined 
and conditions are not favorable to their regular presence there, but 
with somewhat greater precipitation moist meadows may have pro- 
vided a suitable habitat for the redwings and cultivated upland areas 
near water may have attracted the meadowlarks. Both are now 
found in favorable localities in the Rio Grande valley. In a paper 
hereinafter cited Mrs. Bailey says that in San Miguel county the 
meadowlark occurs only in depressions in the plains where there is 
water. The limited distribution of water restricts the habitat of 
ducks and shore birds, winch once may have been more generally 
distributed. 

To understand fully the culture of a region it is necessary to know 
something of the native animals, especially those which have been 
useful to the people or which would have been noticed by them. The 
flesh of animals furnishes food, the skins provide raiment, thongs, 
and other useful products, and bones furnish awls and other imple- 
ments; but perhaps even more important, from the cultural point of 
view, is the fact that animals enter largely into the mythology and 
religion of primitive peoples. The finding, in the ruins, of. bones 
other than human may fairly be assumed to indicate that the 
animals to which they belonged were used by the former inhabitants 
for utilitarian, ornamental, or ceremonial purposes. In most cases 
the character of the animals, the condition of the bones, or the cir- 
cumstances under which found suggests a marked probability as to 
the particular use. The culture, religion, and language of living 
peoples who are believed to be either directly descended from or closely 
related to the ancient inhabitants surely must throw much light on 
the subject. A large quantity of bones has been taken from the 
rums of the Pajarito plateau, but the work of identification has not 
yet been completed. 

It is not likely that in the use of animals for food the ancient 
inhabitants of this region differed much from those of northeastern 
Arizona. Discussing the bones found in the latter region, Hough 2 
says : 

The remains show that moot of the animals of the region were consumed as food; 
but, as might be anticipated, bones of the carnivora are much rarer than those of the 
herbivora, the latter represented by deer and rabbit species, and the former by the 
fox, coyote, wolf, dog, raccoon, badger, wildcat, and puma, but no bones of the bear 

1 see Bulletins 54 and SS of the. Bureau of American Ethnology. 

2 Hough, Walter, Areheological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona (The Museum-Gates Expedition 
of 1901), Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mm. for 1901, pp. 356-57, L903, 



(') BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 

were observed. Remains of the beaver and small rodents, anil bones of birds, espe- 
cially the turkey, eagle, hawk, and owl, were noted. 

Remains of the dog and turkey were found in nearly every ruin, showing the 
extent of the domestication of these animals in this region. So far as can be deter- 
mined, the don and turkey were the only animals domesticated by the pueblo tribes. 
It. was hoped that light might have been thrown upon the question of domestication 
of other animals, namely, the deer [citing Nadaillac] and an auchenia (llama), as 
affirmed by dishing from figurines found on the Rio Salado, in Southern Arizona. 
The writer has copied numerous pictographs in the valley of the Little Colorado 
River showing unmistakably the herding of turkeys and of deer by men. . . . 
Still, the evidence presented so far as to the domestication of other animals than the 
dog and turkey is unsatisfactory. 

Zoological field work was conducted for slightly less than four weeks 
in the neighborhood of El Rito de los Frijoles in August, 1910, so 
that this account can not be considered in any sense a final discus- 
sion of the fauna of the vicinity. Collection and observation were 
conducted chiefly in the lower part of the Rito de los Frijoles canyon 
and on adjacent mesas, but included a two-day trip to the Painted 
Cave and a three-day trip to the top of the Jemez Mountains and 
edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the headwaters of the Rito, so 
that a general impression of the fauna from the top of the mountains 
to the rim of the Rio Grande canyon was obtained. Judge A. J. 
Abbott, who now lives at El Rito de los Frijoles, Mr. Nathan Dowell, 
who has hunted and trapped in the region, and several of the Indians 
employed in the archeological excavations have furnished much infor- 
mation, which a short summer trip could not disclose. Tn case of 
the birds especially only observations carried through the four sea- 
sons could make it possible to secure a list even approximately com- 
plete, on account of the number of migratory species which must visit 
the vicinity. Obviously the birds seen were all either permanent or 
summer residents, winter residents and spring and autiwnn* migrants 
being then absent. To the list have been added such species as have 
been recorded for the Rio Grande valley between the Colorado line 
and a point sotithwestward from Santa Fe, so far as they could be 
noted in the limited examination of the literature which has been 
possible. Time has not permitted as full an examination of the 
zoologic literature of the region as is desirable, and much informa- 
tion is hidden in works whose titles do not suggest at all the inclusion 
of Any thing zoologic. 

The region is within the southern extremity of the great Rocky 
Mountain system. Northward, mountains extend in unbroken chains 
through Colorado. Southward, instead of continuous chains there 
are isolated mountain masses separated by dry mesas and plains. 
Consequently the affinities of the fauna as a whole are with the moun- 
tain fauna of Colorado. The great majority of species are found 
northward to or through Colorado. A few, as As/imimrlla , are of 
distinctly southern type. 



harr^oton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 7 

It was hoped to do a large amount of ethnozoologic work while in 
the field. Unforeseen circumstances prevented this except for a few 
hours of the last two days of the field season. Mr. Harrington, how- 
ever, was able to do some independent work along that line in con- 
nection with his regular studies of the language of the Tewa. The 
Indian names given are in the San Juan dialect of the Tewa language, 
except where otherwise stated. The greater part of the discussion 
of methods in ethnobotany in Bulletin 55 applies with equal force 
to ethnozoology and needs not be repeated here. 

Most of the animal names were obtained by exhibiting specimens 
to several Indians, including some of the older men of the tribe. 
Where specimens in hand were not available, care was taken to make 
sure of the identity of the animals named ; this was easy, of course, in 
case of such readily described animals as the porcupine. In a few 
cases it was considered safe to use good colored plates figuring easily 
identified species; but wherever possible specimens in hand were 
exhibited and also the same species alive in their natural habitat. 
Where there is a question as to identity the name is either omitted 
or the doubt is expressed. It is always best to show informants also 
specimens of all species in the region which closely resemble one 
another and discover whether they really definitely distinguish them, 
and, if so, how. Care should always be taken not to suggest to them 
the answer to inquiries. 

It is frequently said by unthinking or uninformed persons, who 
know something of the Indians' intimate knowledge of some phases 
of nature, that the American Indians know and have names for every 
species of plant and animal living in their vicinity. Inasmuch as 
some microscopic forms exist everywhere and as many macroscopic 
forms of invertebrates, as some insects, crustaceans, and mollusks, 
can be distinguished only by microscopic characters, the incorrect- 
ness of that idea is evident. The Indians are usually correct in dis- 
tinguisliing the larger and better-marked species of birds and mam- 
mals, but they certainly do not recognize some of the minute differ- 
ences which are of more importance than some of those more easily 
observed. They distinguish species more closely than the average 4 
white man who has not had zoologic training. Though several species 
of jackrabbits and several cottontails inhabit the region over which 
these Indians have roamed, they seem to recognize but one species of 
each. However, the majority of white men could not do more. The 
Pueblo Indians who claim the Jemez Plateau as the home of their 
ancestors are agriculturists, not hunters, though they do some hunt- 
ing, of course, just as white farmers do. It would be interesting and 
important to make a thorough comparative study of the knowledge 
of natural history possessed by agricultural tribes and hunting tribes. 
69231°— Bull. 56—14 2 



8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 

To insure accuracy, such a study, as is true, indeed, of all ethno- 
zoological and ethnobotanical work, should be cooperative, trained 
zoologists, botanists, and ethnologists working together in the field. 

Indians differ as much individually as do other races in their 
capacity, experience, and opportunity for observation and in their 
interest in the mysteries of Nature. One person may have had 
abundant opportunity for the observation of the various species of 
deer, but paying slight attention to the little chipmunks and hence not 
distinguislring the different kinds of the latter, while with another 
person the reverse may be the case. Hence the information obtained 
from a single informant may not at all represent the knowledge or 
ideas of his people. This makes it advisable whenever possible to 
check the information obtained by enlisting the services of several 
informants. 

It is too early for sweeping generalizations, but a few general 
remarks seem safe. Indian nomenclature as a whole recognizes 
differences, not relationships. There is little, if any, evidence of 
the classification by the Indian of species in consanguineous groups, 
as orders, families, and genera, except in very obvious cases. Whether 
he does so arrange them in his mind, even though he does not express 
the idea in his nomenclature, is very doubtful and should be more 
fully investigated. In such investigations there is always danger 
of recording opinions which have been more or less influenced by con- 
tact with whites, a contingency which should be guarded against. 
In most cases a species is perhaps considered a distinct entity, not 
connected with any other species. However, their recognition of 
several kinds of bear, deer, etc., may indicate some sort of an idea 
of genetic relationship which further study may elucidate. A 
thorough knowledge of the language is necessary to a real under- 
standing of this subject. The writers found them using the English 
word "rat" for several species of squirrels and chipmunks, yet in 
their own language they have usually distinct names for each. Such 
cases as the bear, to which the Mohave in their own language apply 
a name meaning "great badger", should be followed up to ascertain 
whether it indicates a supposed relationship. It may well be doubted 
whether the use by the Hopi of the same name for such distinct species 
as the Harris ground-squirrel and Say's ground-squirrel, and with 
slightly different pronunciation for two small chipmunks, indicates 
a failure to distinguish them. Our San Ildefonso informants, 
while applying the same name to such different species as Say's 
ground-squirrel and the little chipmunk, showed clearly by their 
comments that they did not consider them the same species. The 
solution of the problem requires a determination of the Indian's 
conception of species, if he has any, which is not a simple task. 
Europeans and their American descendants have been familiar for 



hakkington] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEW A INDIANS 9 

generations with modern scientific ideas of species, their interrela- 
tions, and the development of various groups of species from com- 
mon sources. In discussing such matters, one's words, whether 
one speaks in his own language or attempts to apply a primitive 
language, represent definite mental concepts, but may convey to 
primitive people, who have not such concepts, ideas quite foreign 
to those intended. So also we are in constant danger of uncon- 
sciously injecting our own concepts into the words used by our 
informants in expressing their ideas. It is exceedingly difficult to 
question them about abstract ideas without framing the queries so as 
to suggest one's own views and thus color the replies. 

Care must be taken to avoid mistaking descriptive or comparative 
terms for names. When an Indian informant is shown a foreign 
species with which he is not familiar, he may, as is the case with a 
representative of any other race, designate it by what appears to be 
a name but which on analysis proves to be a descriptive or com- 
parative word or phrase and not a native name for the species, as 
when a small white marine shell is exhibited and a word is applied 
which means that it looks like bone. 

That the Indians have been close observers of animals is shown 
by the fact that they have developed names for almost all the parts of 
birds and mammals, as claws, whiskers, foot-pads, etc. 

If work in ethnozoology is to be maintained on a scientific 
basis and an accurate estimate made of the Indian's knowledge of 
Nature, definite determinations of the species of plants and animals 
discussed must be made. Much of the work hitherto done in obtain- 
ing the names of plants and animals has been worthless, because no 
attempt was made to discover and record with certainty the kind 
of plants and animals to which the names are applied. Much 
more important than mere nomenclature is the idea of which nomen- 
clature is but an attempted expression. The best way certainly is 
to get the information in the field, so far as possible by showing the 
Indian informants the animal in its natural environment. Specimens 
thus identified and discussed should then be scientifically identified 
and preserved for future reference. 

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 

There is no word meaning 'animal'. 'Animarj or 'animal (<Span. 
animal) is sometimes heard. 

No word meaning 'mammal' is in use. Bats are considered birds. 

Towa, 'human being', distinguishes man from other animals, and 
sometimes Tewa or again all Indians from other kinds of men. 

Hsg'pqn now applies to large domestic animals, as horses, cattle, 
swine. What it referred to in pre-European times is uncertain. 



10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bill. r,r, 

Pokanu signifies game or game animals, including not only game 
beasts, as deer, buffalo', rabbits, bears, mountain sheep, etc., but also 
game birds and other animals whose flesh is relished as an important 
food. In a Taos myth 1 the game animals (Tewa pokanu) are said to 
inhabit a great estufa situated somewhere in the west from which 
they are at times driven forth for the benefit of the Indians. No such 
information has been obtained from the Tewa. 

Tsiie is the almost exact equivalent of English ' bird'*, referring to all 
species of birds and bats. In one compound, po'tsiie, 'water bird' 
(po\ water; tsiie, bird) it refers to an insect. Gatschet gives Tewa 
"tohi-e", 'bird'. 2 Compare Taos tsijuund; Piro (Bartlett's vocabu- 
lary) "tsi-ki-e"; Jemez sejiw; Southern Ute, untfitsi; Hopi (Gat- 
schet), "toM-i"? 

There is no general name for reptiles or lizards. 

Psenu, 'snake', parallels in usage English 'snake'. ( 1 f. Taos 
psztsuend; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary) " pc-tsun-to^yar-e" ; Jemez 
Tiajd; Keres (Gatschet), "shu-m" 4 ; Hopi (Gatschet) "tohu-ash"? 

'O'Tcw appears to apply to any kind of turtle or tortoise. 

Po'qwse' applies to salamanders. 

P\'ykwdy applies to frogs and toads. 

Pa' means 'fish.' Cf. Taos pound; Isleta puiue; Piro (Bartlett's 
vocabulary) " pu-e "; Jemez po; Hopi pal'Wo. 

There is no word meaning 'insect.' 

Putse, 'worm,' may be loosely applied to all worm-like animals, 
perhaps even to insects and spiders ; but this latter application is not 
usually made. 

' A 'wse~ refers to any kind of spider. 

There is no word referring to crustaceans in general. 

There is no general name for mollusks or even molluscan shells. 
'Obe comes the nearest to being such a name. See under Mollusks 
below. 

Kir pi', literally 'red stone' (Jew, stone; pi, red), refers to red 
coral. Perhaps any coral might be indicated by adding wa-gX, 'like', 
to this name. 

All names of animals have the same form in singular and plural 
number unless an adjective with gender-number postfix be a part of 
the name or the name be compounded with certain words denoting 
age and sex. 

The age-sex nouns are postjoined to the animal names. With the 
exception of some animal names derived from the Spanish, the Tewa 

1 American Anthropologist, n. s., xil, pp. 40-41, 1910. 

- A. S. Gatschet, Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Sudwesten Nordainerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 39. 

3 Ibid. 

4 Ibid. 
» Ibid. 



Iarri 1 nuton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OE THE TEWA INDIANS 11 

animal name does not show sex or age of the animal to which it refers 
unless one of these age-sex nouns is postjoined. 

As applied to Iowa, 'human beings,' the following age-sex nouns 
are used, and used alone, the word Iowa being regularly omitted and 
understood. 

'E', 'child,' 'son,' 'daughter'; 2+ plural 'e'n%'. 

'A'vnwJee' , 'young girl'; 2+ plural 'd la nu'tfe'ns&\ 

' E' e nu'~ke' , 'young boy'; 2+ plural 'e^nu'rfe'nse'. 

'A ,a nw, 'girl at adolescence'; 2+ plural 'a ,a ny,'y. 

'E' e nw, 'boy at adolescence'; 2+ plural 'e ,e ny,'y. 

Kwi' , 'woman in prime'; 2+ plural Tcwi'nse^y. 

Spy, 'man in prime'; 2+ plural sfynse'^y. 

Kwi'jo', 'old woman'; 2+ plural Jcwi'jo'. The singular has falling 
intonation in the second syllable, the 2+ plural has circumflex intona- 
tion in the second syllable. 

Se'ydo' , 'old man'; 2+ plural s^yda'. 

When these age-sex nouns are applied to lower animals the plural 
of 'e is V, the singular having falling, the 2+ plural circumflex, intona- 
tion, and 'e ,e nu']ce' and 'a ,a nu'lce' and their plurals are not used. 

In the case of animal-denoting names which have been borrowed 
from the Spanish, sex and age are denoted both by theTewa method 
of postjoining sex-age nouns and by the Spanish method of employing 
different endings or different words. One hears, for instance, both 
Jcatajukwi' , 'horse female' (kabaju, horse; hvr , female), and jewa 
(< Spanish yegua) meaning 'mare'. 

Barring words of Spanish origin, only one instance is known of a 
special word being employed to signify the young of a species of 
animal. This is mage, 'young of the mule deer,' which can also be 
called psR-'e', 'little mule deer' ipse', mule deer; V, diminutive). 1 

Perhaps the majority of Tewa animal names are unetymologizable. 
There are not many instances where more than one name is applied 
to an animal species. The additional name is regularly descriptive. 
Thus owls may be called mqhuy, or tsiso'jo', 'big eyes '(tsi, eye; 
so 7 jo', big). The Franciscan Fathers have recorded many additional 
names of this kind from the Navaho. 

We find no unetymologizable additional names of animals like our 
European Kosenamen or Sagenamen, unless it be poseqwase.'?jdo', an 
additional name of qle ' , coyote. Thus we call the bear ' bear ' or 'Bruin ' , 
the German calls the bear 'bar 1 or 'Pets' , the Russian calls the bear 
' mJedviedJ ' or Mrtfka, and Bruin, Petz, MHfJca have no etymology 
known to the people. But the Tewa call the bear Tee' and only Ice', 
or if there is an additional name it is descriptive and its etymology 
is understood by all. Poseqwaseydo' , applied to the coyote, is the 
only exception discovered thus far. 

1 Cf. the two Tewa names for ' milkweed ' at different stages of its growth, in Bulletin .5.5, Bur. A mtr. F.thn. 



12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY tBCLL. 56 

A number of names of introduced animals which have been bor- 
rowed from the Spanish are supplanted by additional names for these 
animals, of Tewa derivation, when speaking in the presence of Mexi- 
cans, lest they understand. The same is also the practice in the 
case of 'watermelon' and some other plant names. 

ANNOTATED LIST OF ANIMALS 

Mammals 
Towa. 
Homo sapiens. 

Towa means human being, person, folks, people, clan. Unlike the 
Tewa names of other animals towa is never coupled with sex-age 
nouns, being regularly omitted when these are applied to human 
beings. Thus tseJcwr, 'female dog in prime' (tse, dog; Jcwi', female 
in prime), but merely Jcwi', 'human woman in prime.' Human beings 
are not considered by the Tewa to be essentially different from other 
animals. 

The races of man are called towa. 

The word ioiva often refers especially to Indian people as distin- 
guished from other people. Americans are called MediJcanu towa, 
'American people' {MediJcanu, American, <Span. Americano; towa, 
person, people). Mexicans are called Kwsgkwyiowa (Kwselcwij, of 
uncertain etymology; towa, person, people). Negroes are called 
Kwsekw yiowa p'e'yniy, 'black Mexicans' (Kwselcu'yiowa, Mexican, 
pen, black). The Chinese are called Tsinuiowa, Chinaman people 
(Tsinu, Chinaman <Span. Chino; ioiva, person, people). 

Monil ( < Span. mono). 

Monkey. 
The Tewa know that monkeys live in Mexico. They say that 
monkeys look like men: iowawa'gl, 'like a human being' (towa, 
human being; wa'gi, like). An organ-grinder with a monkey visited 
San Ildefonso last year. 

Sip'i. 

Corynorhinus jnacrotis pallescens Miller. Pale Big-eared Bat. 
Cory nor Jiinus macrotis LeContewas reported at Santa Fe by Allen 1 
in 1893. As macrotis is a Southeastern form, the Santa Fe specimen 
is much more likely referable to the subspecies pallescens, described 
in 1897 by Miller, 2 which ranges from Colorado and Utah southward 
into Mexico. 

Sip'i. 

My otis lucifugus longicrus (True). Little Brown Bat. 

i Allen, Harrison, A Monograph of (he Bats of North America, Bull. f. S. Nat. Muteum, no. -43, p. 57, 
1893. 

» Miller, Gerrit S., Revision of the North American Bats of the Family Vespertilionidffl, North Amer- 
ican Fauna, no. 13, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 52-53, 1897. 



SeStoton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 13 



HE 
HARRI 



Reported at Santa Fe by Miller. 1 

We observed bats at El Rito de los Frijoles in the evenings of the 
first ten days in August, 1910, but saw none later, and failed to obtain 
any for identification. 

Bats are classed with birds by the Tewa, although the Mexicans of 
the Tewa country call them ratones voladores, 'flying rats or mice.' 
Svp'i is said to be applied to any species of bat. 

Kq'-y (akin to Taos kanend, buffalo). 

Bison bison (Linn.). American Bison, Buffalo. 

Although the bison, its habits, and methods of hunting it, are known 
to the Tewa by hearsay, it appears that very few individuals have 
ever seen a bison alive. Old Diego Roybal of San Ildefonso, although 
he loves to tell about the bison, has never seen one. J.. M. Naranjo 
of Santa Clara has seen bison on the plains "about halfway between 
here and Saint Louis." In former times the Tewa trafficked hi the 
skins and other products, and occasionally hunted the animal on the 
plains to the eastward, before its extermination there. Whole bison 
skins or portions of them, with the hair on, are still to be found 
among the Tewa and are used as ''medicine" (wo) and for other 
purposes. Bison horns are also used as headdresses hi the bison 
dance (kq^yfare) held at San Ildefonso on January 24th of each year. 

The Tewa do not know that the bison ever ranged in or west of 
then* country. Dr. Allen, in his monograph on the bison, 2 says: 

I have found no record of their existence in the highlands of New Mexico, or any- 
where to the westward or southward of Santa Fe. 

Bandelier, 3 commenting on a Spanish place-name of the region 
south of Santa Fe, says: 

One of these bears the name ' ' Ojo del ( 'ibolo. ' ' This seems to imply that the buffalo 
once ranged as far as the base of the San Francisco and San Pedro Mountains. 

Hornaday, on his map showing the extermination of the bison, 4 
gives 1840 as the date of its extermination in the Rio Grande Valley 
of northern New Mexico and places the limit of its former range in 
western New Mexico. 

In another place in his monograph (p. 474) Dr. Allen qualifies his 
statement hereinbefore quoted, under the subheading, "Probable 
extent of its former range," as follows: 

Westward it extended over northern New Mexico and then westward and northward 
throughout the great Salt Lake Basin. 

'Miller, Gerrit S., op. cit., pp. 64-65. 

2 Allen, J. A., History of the American Bison, Bison americanus, Ninth Ann. Rep. U.S.Geol. &• Geog. 
Surv. Terr, for 1875 (Hayden Survey), p. 517, 1877. 

3 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part n, Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, 
American Scries, IV, p. 254, 1892. 

<Hornaday, William T., The Extermination of I he American Bison, Ann. Rep. V. S. Nat. Museum 
for 1887, 1889. 



/ 



14 BUREAlf OK AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bum,. 56 

Iii a note dated February 27, 191 1 , in reference to this latter state- 
ment, lie says: 

I am able to qualify the last part of that statement on the basis of hitherto unpub- 
lished information received from Dr. Edward Palmer, the well-known natural history 
collector, who wrote me that in 1870 he found bison bones, some of them in a good 
state of preservation, about 20 miles west of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., and hence not 
far from the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico. This will bring its 
former range to the latitude of Santa Fe. My present belief is that it formerly ranged 
over northwestern New Mexico. 

Bison bones were found deep in the debris of a cave on the upper 
Tularosa River, in western Socorro County, N. Mex., by Dr. Walter 
Hough, but these may have been brought from a distance and 
deposited in the cave for ceremonial purposes. 1 

Hodge gives as Bison clans at various pueblos: San Udefonso, 
K6o-tdoa; Pecos, Tdshtye'+; Acoma, Moshaich-hanoq ch \ Sia, Mu- 
sJia'ch-hdno. 

Kuwa (akin to Isleta leoare, Ovis canadensis), or pi'yleuwa (pi'y, 
mountain ; kuwa, Ovis canadensis) . Pi'y, ' mountain ' , is pre- 
joined to distinguish this animal from the domestic sheep and 
goat, to which the name kuwa is also applied; see below. 
Ovis canadensis Shaw. Mountain Sheep, Bighorn. 
This species was reported near Santa Fe in 1873 by Cones and 
Yarrow. 2 Bandelier 3 says: 

In 1880 I saw the last mountain sheep at the Rito. That beautiful animal has now 
completely disappeared from the Valles range. 

Heads have been found in the ruins of the plateau. 

The animal is well known to the Tewa, though very few of them 
have ever seen it alive. Diego Roybal and other old hunters are 
fond of telling the widespread but absurd story of how this animal 
when pursued throws itself over a cliff and alights uninjured on its 
horns. 

Kuwa (akin to Isleta leoare (see above), meaning originally Ovis 

canadensis, mountain sheep). 
Domestic Sheep. 
The male sheep is usually called kuwase-y, 'male sheep' (Jcuwa, 
sheep; se-y, male), but ^aft&wK < Span, carnero) is also heard. Lambs 
are regularly called Jcuwa' e', 'little sheep' (kuwa, sheep; V, diminu- 
tive). When it is desired to distinguish a sheep from a goat one may 

1 Lyon, M. W., jr., Mammal Remains from Two Prehistoric Village Silos in Now Mexico and Arizona, 
I'roc. U.S. Nat. Museum, xxxi, pp. 647 19, 1906. 

2 Cones, Elliott, and Tfarrow, lie.. Report Upon the Collections of Mammals Made in Portions of Nevada, 
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1871, 1872, is?:!, and 1X74, U. S. 
Gcog. Explor. & Sutv. W. o) 100th ifefid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 68-69, 1875. 

* Bandelier, A. P., Final Repoii of Investigations Among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
Carried on Mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885, Part n, Papers Archxol. Fast. Amer., Amir. Srr.,rv, 
p. 141, L892. 



HENDERSON 
HARRINGTO 



?ton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 15 



say kuwa p'opa' J i H , 'cracked haired sheep' (Jcuwd,, sheep; p'o, hair; 
pa\ cracked). 

Very few of the Tewa own sheep, and the flocks consist of a few 
animals only. The sheep are never milked. 

Kuwa (akin to Isleta Tcoare (see above), meaning originally vis 

canadensis, mountain sheep). 
Domestic Goat. 
If it is desired to distinguish goat from sheep, one may say Tcuwd 
po , qnsg,' , i ,i , 'smooth haired goat' (kuwa, sheep, goat; p'o, hair; 'qnse', 
smooth, not cracked or rough like a sheep's hair). The male goat is 
called Jcuwasejij, 'male goat' (kuwa, goat; se'y, male) or tsifiatu ( <Span. 
chibato). 

Few goats are kept by the Tewa. Goats are milked, usually by 
the women. 

fq V . 

Antilocapra americana (Ord.). Antelope, Pronghorn. 

This species is still found alive in parts of New Mexico and was 
known to the cliff-dwellers of the Rito de los Frijoles. An old San 
Ildefonso Indian says that he formerly hunted antelope on the Pajarito 
Plateau, mostly near the Rio Grande Canyon, but they are now all 
gone. 

Speaking of the dry valley between the Sierra de los Dolores and 
the Sierra de San Francisco, south of the Tewa country, Bandelier * 
says that "in most places it is grassy, and haunted by antelopes." 

Hodge gives as Antelope clans of various Pueblos: San Ildefonso, 
To n -td6a; Isleta, T 'am-t' 'ainin; Laguna, Kur'tsi-lidno ch ; Acoma, 
Kur'ts-hdnoq ch ; Sia, Ku'ts-hdno; San Felipe, Kuuts-Jiano; Cochiti, 
Ku'ts-hdnuch. An antelope which destroyed human beings figures 
in Sia mythology. 

TV (akin to Taos t&iinemd). 

Cervus canadensis Erxl. Wapiti, American Elk. 
It appears that there are no elk now in the region, according to 
both Indian and white informants, though the species above men- 
tioned formerly ranged southward into the mountains of northern 
New Mexico. Bandelier 2 rather indefinitely reports it at El Rito 
de los Frijoles. Two San Ildefonso Indians who have hunted much 
informed the writers that they were familiar with the species from 
having seen it in southern Colorado, but had never known it on the 
Pajarito Plateau. Cope 3 says: 

bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1SS0 to 1885, Part n, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amir.. A mer. Ser.,TV, p. 106, 
1892. 

2 Bandelier, A. F., op. cit., p. 141. 

3 Cope, E. D., Report on the Geology of that Part of Northwestern New Mexico Examined During the 
Field Season of 1874, Ann. Rep. IT. S. Gcog. Explor. & Sun. IP. of 100th Merid.Jor 1875, p. 02; Report 
upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expedition of ls74, ibid., 1877, 
IV, pt. II, p. 18. 



16 BUREAU OE AMERICAN ETITNOLOGY I bull. 56 

In exploring the hills of this formation along the Puerco, I found the horns of an 
elk (Cervus canadensis). This locality must be near the southern limit of its range. 
I learned that it is not uncommon on the high plateau near Tierra Amarilla on the 
northeast. 

Morrison, 1 writing of the mountains more than a hundred miles 
south of Santa Fe, reported that " the elk, once very plentiful in these 
mountains, is now very rarely seen." The latter may refer to an- 
other species of elk, Cervus merriami Nelson, whose range is given 
as the White Mountains of Arizona and the Mongollon Mountains 
of New Mexico. One or the other species of this noble animal was 
doubtless known to the ancient inhabitants of El Rito de los Frijoles. 

According to information obtained from an aged Indian of Santa 
Clara pueblo by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco, elk of the smaller sort, not 
so large as the great elk, are rarely seen in the mountains north of 
the Tewa country. What animal is really meant was not ascertained. 

P%' (akin to Taos pxnd, Isleta pi'ide, 2+ plu. pimnin, Bartlett's 

Piro "pi-ye," Jemez pa). 
Odocoileus hemionus (Raf.). Mule Deer, Colorado Black Tail. 

A young deer of this species is called by the Tewa either p&'e. 
ipse', mule deer; V, diminutive), or mqgje. The latter word can not 
be etymologized, and is the only animal name of Tewa origin known 
to the writers which is applied only to the young of a species. 

The cured skin of p%~ and also of the western white-tailed deer and 
the elk is called puje, this word being commonly applied to the cured 
skin of these three animals only. The fresh skin or the skin on the 
animal is known as p&k'owa, 'deer skin' ipse', Odocoileus hemionus; 
Vowa, tegument, skin). 

Hodge gives as Deer clans of various pueblos: San Ildefonso, 
Pd n -tdda; Santa Clara, Pa-tdda; Isleta, Pim-t'ainin; Pecos, Pa'+; Sia 
and San Felipe, Dydni-hano; Zuni, Shohoita-kwe. The mule deer is 
prominent in Tewa mythology. 

This is the common Deer of the region. We saw but one (a doe) 
while at Frijoles canyon, but three others were reported by the 
Indians while we were there. Even Tewa boys are aware that "a 
lady deer is without antlers." It is said that deer of this species 
were plentiful in former times, and deer products were much used by 
the Tewa. 

Hyla'pse- 'dry juniper deer' (hu, 'one-seeded juniper', Juniperus 
monosperma; ta', 'dryness', 'dry'; p%', 'mule deer', Odo- 
coileus hemionus Raf.). 

? 

This is said to be a species of deer distinct from the pse\ 

i Morrison, Charles C, Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieut. Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cav- 
alry, on the Operations of Party No. 2, Colorado Section. Field Season of 1877. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geog. 
Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid.Jor 1878, p. 137, 1878. 



SmungtoJ ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 17 

'Ohutj. 

Odocoileus americanus macrourus (Raf.). Western White-tailed 

Deer. 

This is the Tewa name of the animal known in New Mexican 

Spanish as cola larga. The 'ohutj is mentioned in Tewa myths as one 

of the larger game animals. The cured skin of the 'oJiuy, as well as 

that of the mule deer and the elk, is called puje, 'deerskin', 'buckskin'. 

We have questioned only three San Ildefonso Indians concerning 

this species of deer. They stated that the pse- and 'ohy,tj differ only 

as regards the tail, the form of the antlers and the body-color being 

the same. It is evident that they had not closely observed the 

antlers and the general color. 

Pw. 

Lepus campestris Bach. White-tailed Jackrabbit. 
Jackrabbits are reported by both whites and Indians, but with 
no information as to the species. The white-tailed form is reported 
by Nelson. 1 

Pu\ 

Lepus bairdi Hayden. Rocky Mountain Snowshoe Rabbit. 
Recorded from 30 miles north of Taos and from Chama by Nelson, 2 
and from Taos by Coues and Yarrow. 3 

Pu\ 

Lepus callotis Wagler ? White-sided Jackrabbit. 
Reported at San Pedro, N. Mex., about 35 or 40 miles south of 
El Rito de los Frijoles, in 1873, by Coues and Yarrow. 4 As this is 
far beyond the supposed range of the species, perhaps it should be 
referred to the next. 

Pu\ 

Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse. Texas Jackrabbit. 
We have no record of this species from the Pajarito Plateau, but 
New Mexico, except the northeastern part, is included within its 
range, 5 so it should be looked for in our area. 

Pur. 

Domestic rabbit, domestic hare. 
The name was originally applied to jackrabbits. 

Pur. 

PwvM'gX, 'jackrabbit like' (pu', jackrabbit; wa'gi, like). 
Guinea pig. 

i Nelson, E. W., The Rabbits of North America, North American Fauna, No. 29, Biol. Surv., U. S. 
Dept. Agr.,pp. 74, 78, 1909. 

2 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 109-12. 

3 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 126. 
<Ibid. 

6 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 142-45 



18 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOQY turaL. 56 

Pw means jackrabbit, domestic rabbit, domestic hare; with or 
without wa'gX, 'like', it is applied to guinea pigs. 

Kwqn. 

Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis (Allen). Rocky Mountain Cottontail. 
Recorded by Nelson ' from many northern New Mexico localities, 
including Costillo Pass, Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Hall's 
Peak (southeast of Taos), San Antonio Mountains, Santa Clara 
Mountains, Taos Mountain, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, and 
Twining (near Taos). We saw several, which were probably this 
species or the next, at and near El Rito de los Frijoles, but did not 
obtain specimens for identification. 

Kwqn. 

Sylvilagus auduboni warreni Nelson. Colorado Cottontail. 
Recorded by Nelson 2 from San Antonio Mountains, Tres Piedras, 
and other localities in northwestern New Mexico. 

The New Mexico cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicanus 
Nelson) appears to range from the Pecos Valley eastward, hence it 
does not come within our area. 

So"p. 

Ereikizon epixantlium Brandt. Yellow-haired Porcupine. 
We saw- no signs of porcupines about El Rito de los Frijoles. At 
the old Buckman sawmill, at the base of the mountains, we saw the 
skin of one which had been killed there. San Ildefonso Indians 
report its occurrence in the mountains and sometimes in the fields, and 
are familiar with its habit of gnawing the bark of trees. The smaller 
hairs are called p'o and the large spine-like hairs ywse', a word which 
is applied also to the thorns of plants. The Indians believe that 
when angry the so'n has the power of shooting these ywse,' like arrows. 

Pe', or pe'da (pe', Zapus princeps; mi, unexplained). 
? Zapus princeps Allen. Rocky Mountain Jumping Mouse. 
Reported at Camp Burgwyn 3 [Cantonment Burgwin] and Santa Fe 
by Preble. 4 Both whites and Indians describe a mouselike animal 
with long, kangaroo-like hind legs and short forelegs, at El Rito de 
los Frijoles, but we did not succeed in catching any for identification, 
and can not feel sure from the description that it is a jumping 
mouse. One Indian reported that pe' is smaller than the deermouse, 
and pe'da considerably larger. They may represent some species of 
pocket mouse and a kangaroo rat. 

1 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 207-11. 

2 Ibid., pp. 231-32. 

» The Cantonment Burgwin specimen has been referred to a distinct species, Zapus luttus. See Miller 
in Proc. Biol. Son. Washington, xxiv, p. 253, Dec. 23, 1911. Miller also reports Z. luteus from Espanola, 
Taos County, and from Cloudcroft, Otero County. 

« Preble, Edward A., Revision of the Jumping Mice of the Oenus Zapus, North American Fauna, no. 15, 
Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 22-23, 1899. 



harrTngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 19 

Perognathus jlavescens Merriam. Plains Pocket Mouse. 
P Reported at Santa Fe by Osgood. 1 

fr AT ' 

Jywvrj. -s* 

Perognathus Jiavus Baird. Baird's Pocket Mouse. 
Reported at Taos by Osgood. 2 # 

Perognathus apache Merriam. Apache Pocket Mouse. 
Reported at Espanola, San Pedro, and Santa Fe, by Osgood. 3 

Tfugl. 

Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam. Roaming Pocket Gopher. 
The type locality is Espanola. 4 

Gopher mounds are abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we 
obtained no specimens of the gopher for identification. They may 
be this species, which was described from a locality not far away. 
The Indians accurately described the habits of the animal in digging 
its holes, pushing the earth out to form a mound, and then covering 
the entrance with earth by working from within. 

% — 

Microtus mordax Merriam. Cantankerous Vole, Field Mouse. 
Reported at Chama by Bailey. 5 

A good line of traps repeatedly set in all sorts of places at El Rito 
de los Frijoles failed to catch any voles or indeed any of the mam- 
mals smaller than chipmunks except deer-mice. 

Fiber zibethicus osoyoosensis Lord. Muskrat. 
Reported at Rinconada (north of Santa Fe), by Hollister," who 
also records F. z. pallidus Mearns at Albuquerque. 

Pini'i ? 

Neotoma albigula Hartley. White-throated Wood Rat. 
Reported at Abiquiu, Chama Canyon, Espanola, San Pedro, Santa 
Clara Canyon, Rinconado, etc., by Goldman. 7 

Both whites and Indians described a bluish-gray, round-tailed rat 
which gathers pinon nuts for winter food at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
and we saw one nest which seemed to be that of a wood rat. No 
specimens were obtained for identification. San Ildefonso Indians 



i Osgood, Wilfred H., Revision of the Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus, North American Fauna, 
no. 18, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 20-21, 1900. 

s Ibid., pp. 23-24. 

3 Ibid., pp. 26-27. 

* Merriam, C. Hart, Descriptions of Twenty-Three New Pocket Gophers of the Genus Thomomys, Proc. 
Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, p. 110, 1901. 

6 Bailey, Vernon, Revision of American Voles of the Genus Microtus, North American Fauna, no. 17, 
Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 49-50, 1900. 

6 Hollister, N., A Systematic Synopsis of the Muskrats, North American Fauna, no. 32, Biol. Surv., 
U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 26, 1911. 

7 Goldman, Edward A., Revision of the Wood Rats of the Genus Neotoma, North American Fauna, no. 
31, BioJ. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 31-33, 1910. 



20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNGLOG? [BULL. 56 

also told of pini'i, a big whitish rat, with a very bad odor which they 
compare to that of a skunk, at Ojo Caliente. 

Qwsp/y'i 

Neotoma mexicana fallax Merriani. Colorado or Gale's Wood 
Rat. 
Reported from Chama River, Gallina, Gallinas Mountains, Tres 
Piedras, Twining, etc., by Goldman. 1 

Qwse,-yj<r {awse'y, Neotoma mexicana fallax Merriam?; jo', aug- 
mentative). 
Neotoma cinerea orolestes Merriam. Colorado Bushy-tailed 
Wood Rat. 
Reported from Agua Fria, Chama, Costillo Pass, Jemez Mountains, 
Taos, Taos Mountains, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, Twining, etc., 
by Goldman. 2 

This is the animal known through the southern Rocky Mountains 
as the "mountain rat" and "pack rat," but is called by Goldman, in 
his Revision, the "Colorado bushy-tailed wood rat." 

Peromyscus maniculatus rujinus (Merriam). Tawny Deer- 
mouse. 
Reported at Abiquiu, Chama, Chama River, Espanola, Gallina, 
Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Santa Clara Canyon, Taos, 
Taos Mountain, Taos Pueblo, Tierra Amarilla, and other localities 
in northern New Mexico, by Osgood. 3 

We collected one specimen above camp at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
which was identified by Mr. Warren. 

l$ivry ? 

Peromyscus leucopus tornillo (Mearns). Tornillo Deer-mouse. 
Reported at Santa Fe and other New Mexico localities, chiefly 
southwest of Santa Fe, by Osgood. 4 

tywi'y. 

Peromyscus truei (Shufeldt). True's Deer-mouse. 
Reported at Espanola, Gallinas Mountains, and other localities, 
by Osgood. 5 

This is the only species of white-footed deer-mouse common at 
El Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. The identity of our specimens was 
confirmed by Mr. Warren. The Indians thought the bluish-gray 
specimens were male and those with more ochraceous color were 
female, instead of being young and adult of each sex respectively. 

i Goldman, Edward A.. (>|>. cit., pp. 56 58. 
2 Ibid., pp. 104-05. 

3 Osgood, Wilfred II., Revision of I he Mice of 1 he American Genus Peromyscus. North American Fauna, 
no. 28, Biol. Sury., U. S. Dept Agr., pp. 72-74, 1909. 
'Ibid., pp. 126 26. 
» Ibid., pp. 16o-ti9. 



HAUKI 
HENDE 



^ls] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 21 



When questioned as to their habits the Indians said these mice "get 
young in the spring, the same as horses and cows, and give them milk 
just the same." 

Mus musculus Linn. Domestic Mouse. 

tywyy. 

Epimys norvegicus (Erxl.). Domestic Rat. 
It is said that there are no domestic rats in New Mexico. Domestic 
mice are as common in Indian houses as in those of Mexicans and 
Americans. These mice are called ratones in New Mexican Spanish. 

'Ojo ( ? akin to Taos pajand, Islet a pat fare, Castor canadensis 

frondator Mearns). 
Castor canadensis frondator Mearns. Broad-tailed Beaver. 
The Tewa sometimes call the beaver po' } ojo, 'water beaver' (po\ 

water; 'ojo, beaver). 
Whites and Indians both report beaver along the Rio Grande, 
probably of this species; but the lateral canyons in the neighborhood 
of El Rito de los Frijoles support none now, if they ever did. 

The beaver was hunted and eaten by the Tewa, and its use as food 
is said by them to have no ill effect. 

% 

Marmota flaviventer (Aud. & Bach). Western Woodchuck. 
None were seen and no information concerning them in our area 
was obtained. Reported at Santa Fe by Coues and Yarrow. 1 

Kv. 

Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird). Gunnison's Prairie Dog. 

None found at El Rito de los Frijoles, but abundant at Valle 
Grande in the Jemez Mountains, just beyond the head of the Rito. 
The Indians report prairie dogs also at San Ildefonso and other points 
along the Rio Grande. 

The bark of the lei' is well imitated by Tewa men. They say : 
lei' n/itu, "the prairie dog speaks or gives his cry" (lei', Cynomys 
gunnisoni (Baird); nq,, it; tu, to speak). 

? 

Citellus tridecemlineatus pallidus (Allen). Striped Spermophile. 
Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch, was reported at Tierra Amarilla by 
Coues and Yarrow. 2 This record should probably be referred to the 
subspecies pallidus, which is found north of that locality in Colorado. 

So'w%. 

Citellus grammurus (Say). Rock Squirrel. 
This large, speckled, bushy-tailed ground squirrel, its body a foot 
long, is abundant in the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles. It is 
recognized by the Indians as a ground squirrel, with habits distinct 

1 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 123. - Ibid., p. 120, 



22 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

from those of tree squirrels, Three of them said that it sheds its 
hair in April and May, that the hair begins to thicken in July, and 
that late in August it gets "nice, warm hair, to fix up for the winter." 
The accuracy of some of the dates may be doubted. This ground 
squirrel damages their provisions. The Tewa eat the flesh, but do 
not use the skin. 

Callos pernio philus lateralis (Say). Say's Ground Squirrel, "Big 
Chipmunk' ' . 

Common in the Jemez Mountains, about the headwaters of El 
Rito de los Frijoles, but not seen by us on the mesas or hi the canyons 
which cut them. Easily recognized by lateral yellowish stripe and 
black stripe; it is smaller than pine squirrel. Said to be common 
throughout the mountains of northern New Mexico. Our Indian 
informants recognized the species, distinguishing it from the other 
squirrels by its appearance, its habits, and its habitat, though they gave 
them the same name. They say it is restricted to the mountains and 
correctly consider it a ground squirrel. It is used by them for food. 

Kuwije. 

Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say). Four-lined Colorado Chipmunk. 

Abundant in the canyons, in the mountains, and along the edges at 

least of the mesas. The Indians use it for food and are quite familiar 

with its range and habits. Recognized by its small size and the 

alternating light and dark stripes on the back. 

Sq'wsz. 

Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. Abert's Tufted-ear Squirrel. 
This is the finest squirrel of the region, as large as the rock squirrel, 
gray above, white beneath, with long and very bushy tail, its long 
leaps from tree to tree never failing to excite the utmost admiration. 
We found it only among the big rock pines on the mesas, where it is 
rather common. It was long ago reported at Santa Fe by Coues and 
Yarrow, 1 and from Santa Fe to Taos by Coues and Allen.- It is 
eaten by the Indians. The tufts of hah* on the ears are called % QJep'o, 
1 ear hairs ' . 

So'w%. 

Sciurus fremonti And. & Bach. Fremont's Chickaree, "Pine 
Squirrel". 

Abundant in the Jemez Mountains. Our Indians declared that it 
occurs only among the firs and spruces, a statement well founded but 
too sweeping. Although almost universally called "pine squirrel" 
in Colorado, it is found in various parts of that State much more 
commonly among the firs and spruces anil not abundant among the 
rock pines. In X( w Mexico in ascending the canyon of El Rito de 

' Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. < ., op. eit., p. 115. 

2 Coues, Elliott, an I Mien, J. A., Monographs of North American Bodentia, Final Rip- U.S. Geol.Surv. 
Ten., xi, pp. 7:;; 38, LS77. 



HENDEH 
HARR 



inotox] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 23 



los Frijoles we encountered the first one where we first found firs, 
about 2 miles above the house of Judge Abbott, but he says it occa- 
sionally is seen downstream as far as his ranch. Allen 1 has described 
a subspecies (Sciurus fremonti neomexicanus) from the eastern slopes 
of the Taos Mountains in Colfax and Moro Counties, "very different 
from specimens from central and northern Colorado," but he records 
a specimen from Chama, which he refers to fremonti. Our specimens 
from the Jemez Mountains, collected in August, 1910, were found to 
be slightly redder than specimens taken in northwestern Colorado 
in August, 1909, but possibly the latter had faded a trifle. Though 
smaller than some others, this is the best food squirrel in the region. 

Po'tse ,e . 

Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Canadian Otter. 

Po-tse ,e . 

Lutra canadensis sonora Rhoads. Sonoran Otter. 
Mr. Dowell, who has trapped extensively in the region, says the 
otter occurs along the Rio Grande near by. The Indians confirm 
this, and fragments of otter skin are worn by them. Without speci- 
mens for identification we can not know which form it is. 

Je\ ■ 

? Mustela arizonensis Mearns. Mountain Weasel. 

Weasels are reported at San Ildefonso by the Indians, but we have 
no specimens for identification. Coues and Yarrow 2 reported Puio- 
rius longicauda Merriam at Taos, but this region seems more likely 
to be within the range of arizonensis, much more recently described. 
Mustela streatori leptus Merriam may also extend into northern New 
Mexico. 

Hodge gives Dye-tdoa as "Gopher" clans of San Juan, Santa Clara, 
San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, and Ye-tdoa as "Lizard" clans of San 
Juan and San Ildefonso. 



Lutreola vison energumenos Bangs. Western Mink. 
Mr. Dowell says mink occur along the Rio Grande near El Rito de 
los Frijoles. 

? 

Martes caurina origenes (Rhoads). Rocky Mountain Marten. 
Hodge states that Bandelier gives a "Marten" clan as existing at 
San Juan pueblo. 

Coues and Yarrow 3 recorded Mustela americana Turton from Taos. 
That is a species of the north. It is likely the more recently described 
southern form. 

1 Allen, J. A., Revision of the Chickarees, or North American Red Squirrels (Subgenus Tamiasciurus), 
Bull.Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., x, pp. 291-94, 1898. 

2 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 59. 
'Ibid., p. 61. 

69231°— Bull. 56—14 a 



24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Ee'a. 

Taxidea taxus Schreber. Badger. 

Hodge gives as Badger clans of va'rious pueblos: San Juan, Keya- 
tdoa; Santa Clara, Ked-tdda; San [ldefonso, Kea-tdoa; Jemez, Son- 
sadsh; Pecos, So'hl + ; Laguna, Ch6pi-hdno ch ; Sia, Tyupi-hdno; Zuni, 
Tonashi-kwe. 

We found no badgers nor their holes at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
and could learn of none. At the old Buckman sawmill, at the base 
of the Jemez Mountains, we chased two into their hole, but did not 
get them. Two of the Indians told, with much glee, of the fighting 
qualities of this animal and its great energy in digging. They told 
also of how a badger caught one of them by the trousers and held on 
until it was dragged a long distance to the river and into the water. 

Mephitis mesomelas varians Gray. Long-tailed Texas Skunk. 
The Indians report striped skunks at San lldefonso, which appears 
to be within the probable range of this species. We learned of no 
spotted skunks, though the region is between the known range of the 
Rocky Mountain species (Spilogale tenuis Howell) and that of the 
Great Basin species (Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam), so one or 
the other probably occurs within our area. Skunk skins are used 
by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes. 

Ke' (akin to Taos koaand, Isleta Tcoaire, bear). 
Bear (any species). 
Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly Bear. 
Ursus horribilis horrixus Baird. Sonora Grizzly. 
Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear. 
The Jemez name is Fwdlq; the Cochiti name is lc6haju, the Hopi 
name honau'w. 

Hodge gives as Bear clans at various pueblos: San Juan and Nambe, 
Ke-tdoa; Hano, Ke-towa; Pecos, Whalatddsh; Aeoma, Kuwhaia-hdnoq ch ; 
Sia, Kohai-hdno; San Felipe, Kohai-hdno; Cochiti, Kuhaia-hdnuch; 
Zuni, Aihshi-kwe. 

As is usually the case, the hunters interviewed, white as well as 
Indian, were not sufficiently familiar with the species of bear to give 
definite information. Whites talked about black, brown, ami cin- 
namon bears, all of which refer to color phases of the black bear, 
which is not at all uncommon in the region. We occasionally saw 
bear tracks. The Indians vaguely described five kinds of bear: ke' 
fsse ,, i H hehsenu'i H , 'big white bear' (ke- , bear; tsse' , white; helisenu, 
big); Ice' fsse-'i'* tf%''i H , 'little white bear' (Tee', bear; teas', white; 
tfsp, little); ke' tse'j\ H , 'yellow bear' (Ice', bear; fee', yellow); ke' 
y dwV l , 'brown bear' (ke', hear; '<_/, brown); ke' p i e;r)di , \ 'black 
bear' (ke', bear: p'py, black). 

As this region is within the range of the grizzly, the "white bear" 
may refer to either horribilis or its subspecies 'ftorriseus, more likely 



HE»r>F,RSON 
HAfcttiXGTO: 



' v ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 25 



the former. It is notable that Lewis and Clark and other early 
explorers in the West called the grizzly the white bear. It is to be 
noted that there is but one Indian name for the bear, in spite of the 
fact that they describe five kinds, a nomenclature paralleled in many 
other languages of the Southwest. Bandelier 1 says in his Final 
Report: 

The bear makes great havoc among the pifion trees. Climbing into the tops for the 
nuts, he tears off entire limbs and generally ruins the tree. Three kinds of bears are 
spoken of by the Indians and the Spanish settlers: The silver-tip (Platiado, Ko-ha-yo 
Kash-ya), the brown bear (Oso Colorado, Ko-ha-yo Ke-han-ye), and the black bear 
(Oso prieto, Ko-ha-yo MohZ-na-ka-nyi). 

Bandelier doubted the identity of the "silver-tip" with the grizzly, 
because he did not believe the latter species was found in tins area. 
The Indian word-forms quoted are presumably in the Cochiti dialect 
of the Keres language. 

Po'musa, 'water cat' (po', water; musa, house cat). See mush, 
page 29. 

Procyon lotor Linn. Raccoon. 
The "coon" is said to occur in the Rio Grande Canyon, near the 
mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. Russell 2 gives 
va'owok as the Pima name for this species, and says: 

The raccoon is said to be used for food, though the writer did not see any cf the 
animals or any of their skins during a stay of a year and a half in Arizona. 

Tse (akin to Taos tsuland, dog). 
Domestic Dog. 

The Isleta call the dog qwianiie, the Jemez k^any,, the Hopi poJcd, 
the Zuni wdtsita. 

There is some direct and much indirect evidence that domesticated 
dogs were widely distributed among the North American Indians 
before the landing of Columbus. The fact that all Indian languages 
which have come to our attention contain native names for the dog, 
distinct from that applied to the coyote, wolf, and fox, is significant. 
No less significant is the fact that the names for the horse and other 
animals introduced by the whites are either newly coined words of de- 
scriptive meaning, modifications of the names for some other animal, 
or adaptations of the names used by white men. The Indians of the 
Southwest, including the Pueblos,, are not exceptions. They have 
native names for the dog, while their names for the horse are either 
descriptive, compound, or derived from the Spanish. Possibly an 
examination of early Spanish documents relating to the Southwest 
would develop direct statements in regard to dogs found in possession 
of the natives at their earliest contact with the whites, but lack of 
present access to the literature as well as lack of time prevent us 
from going far into the subject. 

i Bandelier, A. F., op. (it., p. 1.50, note. 

2 Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amcr. Ethn.. p. 82, 1908. 



26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

The hairless dogs of Mexico, Peru, and South America, of several 
kinds, existed there when the Spaniards landed, according to various 
accounts. 1 All Peruvian dogs are said to have been derived from 
the Inca shepherd dog. 2 The Eskimo dog was described as early as 
1647, and in various parts of the north polar region, races or tribes have 
developed quite different systems of calls for the direction of their dog 
teams, indicating long use. 3 The Flatheads, 4 Menomini, 5 and many 
other Indians mention dogs in their myths, but unless we know the 
age of the myths, which may have incorporated references to the 
dog after the invasion of the whites, they are of little value in this 
connection. The Pima have a myth giving the origin of the horse, 6 
which was surely introduced. However, it is not likely that such a 
myth as the white dog and woman myth 7 could be so widespread 
unless very ancient. 

McGee 8 says : 

It is significant that the Dakota word for horse (suk-tay' '-ka or suy-ka'-wa-kay) 
is composed of the word for dog (suy'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness 
or mystery . . . and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances 
correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft animal. This 
terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog was domesticated by the 
Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the horse. 

Bones of dogs have been reported from the ancient kitchen-middens 
of the Atlantic coast, and bones of other animals apparently bearing 
the tooth-marks of dogs. 9 

The De Soto expedition in 1539-1542, within half a century after 
the landing of Columbus, at an Indian village in the mountains of 
Georgia or South Carolina was "welcomed in a friendly manner, the 
Indians giving them a little corn and many wild turkeys, together 
with some dogs of a peculiar small species, which were bred for eating 
purposes and did not bark." 10 

In the reports of the Coronado expedition to the Southwest from 
1540 to 1542, the same period covered by De Soto in the Southeast, 
dogs were reported in abundant use as beasts of burden by the 
Indians of the Staked Plains and elsewhere. 11 

1 Lockington, W. N., The Riverside Natural History, article on Carnivoree. 

2 Brinton, Daniel (!., The American Race, p. 212, 1891. 

a Langkavel, B., Dogs and Savages, Smithsonian Rep. for 1898, p. (559-60, 1899. 

< 11. id., p. 651. 

■'• Hoffman, Walter Jamas, The Menomini Indians, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ellin., pt. I, 
pp. 179-194, 1896. 

« Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 241, 1908. 

7 Dorsey, George A., and Kroeber, Alfred L., Traditions of the Arapaho, Pm6. no. 81, Field Columbian 
Mux, ii m, v, pp. 207-09, 1903. 

s McGee, W J, Siouan Indians, Fifteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 174, 1897. 

9 Marquis de Nadaillac, Pre-historic America, pp. 49-50, 535, 1895. 

WMooney, lames, Myths of i hi' Cherokee, Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. i, p. 25, 1900 
(quoting Ranjel). 

u Langkavel, B., op. cit., j>. 661. Winship, George I'arker, The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542, Four- 
teenth Aim. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. I, pp. 401, 405, 504, 507, 527, 570, 578, 1896. 



HENDERSON 
HARRINGTO 



f N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 27 



Fewkes ] reports: 

The ancient Hopi had a domestic dog which was a pet rather than a beast of burden. 
The good qualities of this ~et were recognized and recounted in their legends. 

Russell 2 says : 

The only domesticated animal which there is any certainty that the Pimas possessed 
at the time of the discovery is the dog. The old people say that in their youth the 
dogs were all alike and resembled coyotes. At present there are many small mon- 
grels, obtained principally from the Mexicans. 

Hough 3 says that "remains of the dog and turkey were found in 
nearly every ruin" in northeastern Arizona. 

Fewkes, in his account of certain Arizona ruins/ says : 

The occurrence of a skull of the domesticated dog in one of the graves at the Chaves 
Pass ruin is significant, showing that this animal was known to the ancients, and 
probably utilized by them. The fact that this dog was the broad-faced variety is 
particularly instructive. It was not apparently a domesticated coyote or a mongrel 
like those which now are so common in some of the pueblos. 

Lucas 5 gives the following account of this skull : 

Among the many objects obtained by Dr. Fewkes last summer from the ruined 
pueblo of Chaves Pass, Arizona, is the cranium of a domesticated dog, found in a grave 
with a human skeleton. Although the mere fact of a dog being discovered under such 
circumstances is in itself interesting, it is not at first sight remarkable, since it is well 
known that in America, as elsewhere, the dog was domesticated at an early date, and 
Clavijero mentions an ancient dog which he calls "a quadruped of the country of 
Cibola, similar in form to a mastiff, which the Indians employ to carry burdens." 
Aside from the fact that this is the first dog's cranium discovered by Dr. Fewkes, there 
are some points of special interest in the present case. Most of the Indian dogs are 
more or less wolfish in their aspect, and have long skulls, with comparatively low 
foreheads, thus showing a small degree of specialization in the way of breed, and this 
is true of such of the mummied dogs of Egypt as I have seen. The cranium of the 
Chaves dog, on the contrary, is of the broad-faced type, with high forehead, and, 
curiously enough, is precisely similar in size and proportions to the cranium of an 
Eskimo dog from Cumberland Sound, the resemblance extending to the peculiar 
concavity and squareness of the nasal region. While this is an interesting coincidence, 
it is not brought forward as implying community of origin, but as instancing long 
domestication in order that so well-marked a breed could be established. A curious 
confirmation of the early origin of this breed was received from San Marcos, Texas, 
where, in excavating for ponds, at the station of the U . S. Fish Commission, a human 
skeleton and bones of other animals were found in a layer containing many flint 
implements, overlaid by two feet of black soil. The bones were those of existing 
species, including teeth of several bison, and there was also a fragment of a dog's skull 
similar in size and proportions to that obtained at Chaves Pass. 

From the apparent general distribution of the dog, an animal 
particularly useful to primitive people throughout North America at a 

1 Fewkes, J. Walter, Property-right in Eagles Among the Hopi, Amcr. Anthr., n. s., n, p. 706, 1900. 

1 Russell, Frank, op. cit., p. 84. 

' Hough, Walter, Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedi- 
tion of 1901, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1901, pp. 316, 326, 339, 356, 1903. 

4 Fewkes, Jesse Walter, Two Summers' Work iu Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. 
£fftn.,pt.l,p. 27, 1904. 

s Lucas, F. A., A Dog of the Ancient Pueblos, Science, n. s., v, p. 544, 1897. 



28 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOG1' [bull. 56 

remote period, together with the existence of native names for dogs in 
the Pueblo dialects, it is practically certain that the ancient dwellers 
in the region had domesticated dogs. The difficulty of distinguishing 
the bones of some of the native dogs from those of the coyote has been 
emphasized by Coues. 1 Cross-breeding with various European dogs 
since the advent of the whites, in addition to cross-breeding with 
coyotes and possibly with wolves, has developed a mixed race which 
makes the subject a difficult one to study now. We have noticed the 
frequent occurrence of a yellowish short-haired variety of dog at San 
Juan pueblo. 

The Tewa give names of most varied meaning to their dogs. One 
dog at Santa Clara pueblo is named pw'e', "little jackrabbit." 

Tewa dogs are apt to lie in the outdoor adobe ovens, when these are 
not in use, if the openings are not closed in some way. 

Tsini (?<Span. chino). Curly-haired Dog. 
The word tsini puzzled us much. It was said to refer to a kind of 
small dog which the Tewa had in primitive times. Investigation 
showed that the word usually applies to a curly-haired dog, small or 
large. In New Mexican Spanish chino applies to a curly-haired dog. 
So far as we know, Spanish-English dictionaries do not give chino 
with this meaning. Guinn, 2 however, mentions this usage of chino 
in southern California: ''Chino, while it does mean a Chinaman, is 
also applied in Spanish-American countries to persons or animals 
having curly hair."' The final i of the Tewa form, instead of u, is 
unexplained. 

Be-. 

Canis estor Merriam. Coyote. 

In Tewa mythology the coyote is called also poseqwase- ydo' , a word 
which can not be etymologized except that the last two syllables 
mean 'old man.' 

The Jemez name meaning 'coyote' is jq'. In Cochiti Keresan 
'coyote' is called fotsona. 

Coyote tracks are common all over the region. A coyote taken by 
Mr. Dowell while we were in the Rito de los Frijoles canyon is referred 
to this species. 

Hodge gives as Coyote clans of various pueblos: San Juan, San 
Ildefonso, and Tesuque, De-tdoa; Jemez, YaHsad; Pecos, Ya'+; 
Laguna, TsushM-hduo ch ; Sia, Shutsun'-hdno; San Felipe, Shrotsona- 
hdno; Santa Ana, Shutson-hdno; Cochiti, Shrutsuna-hdnuch; Zufii, 
Suski-kwe. 

/i'V'./ ' (akin to Taos kalend, Isleta karue, wolf). 
Canis nubilis Say. Gray Wolf. 

'Cones, Elliot i, The Prairie Wolf, or Coyote: Canis Latrans, Amir. Nat., vu, pp. 385-89, 1873; reprinted 
in Coues and Yarrow, Report upon Collections of Mammals, etc., op. oil., pp. 47-51. 
- (iuinn, J. M., Historical and Biographical Record of Southern California, Chicago, 1902, p. 59. 



Hi;.\r>ERsox 1 ETHN0Z00L0GY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 29 

Gatschet * gives Tewa "koyo" erroneously as meaning coyote and 
compares it with Nahua coyotl. 

Hodge gives as Wolf clans of pueblos: Isleta, Tuim-t'ahun; Laguna, 
Kdk7ian-liano ch . 

The Tewa say that the gray wolf is very scarce now, but is still 
occasionally seen in the Taos mountains. It is common in many 
portions of New Mexico and is reported at Taos by Bailey. 2 

Mu'jo'. 
?Ked fox. 

The Tewa are familiar with a foxlike animal called my,'jo', al- 
though they say it is seldom seen. It is said to resemble the 
de' tsq,'yw%'H H (see below), but is of a dark brownish-yellow color. 

De- tsa-ywte-'i' 1 , 'blue coyote' (4e', coyote; tsccyw%-, blue, green). 

Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns. Scott's Gray Fox, Pinon 

Fox. 

Coues and Yarrow 3 recorded Urocyon cinereo-argentateus Schreber 

from Taos, but the specimen was more likely scotti, a species more 

recently described. Mr. Nathan Dowell reports both the gray and 

the red fox at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we can not know just what 

species without specimens for identification. 

K%-yts%-, 'white mountain lion' (k'se'y, mountain lion; fsse-, 

white). 
Any kind of wildcat. 
The Southern Ute also have only one word for wildcat species: 
mosutukwUsi. The Southern Ute word meaning 'medicine man' 
appears to be related: mosutukwidto. 

The Tewa name may apply to a species of bobcat or lynx or per- 
haps to both a species of bobcat and a species of lynx. The inform- 
ants did not know the characters by which the bobcat and lynx are 
distinguished. We saw no k'y-ytsee,-, but saw the tracks of one near 
the Painted Cave. It is likely that either oaileyi or uinta would be 
found here, perhaps both, the former being an animal of the plains 
and the latter a mountain-loving animal. 

The name shows that this animal is closely associated with the 
mountain lion in the minds of the Tewa. 

Musd. 

Domestic Cat. 
This word in this or similar form appears in most of the languages 
of the Southwest, meaning introduced house cat. Compare also Tewa 
po'musd, raccoon. 

i Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 26. 

2 Bailey, Vernon, Wolves in Relation to Stock, Game, and the National Forest Reserves, Bull. No. 72, 
Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 12, 1907; Destruction of Wolves and Coyotes, Circular jVo. 63, Biol. 
Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 6, 1908. 

3 Op. cit., Wheeler Survey, v, p. 56. 



30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

House cats of many varieties are common at the Tewa pueblos. 
They are called to: 'musa, musa, musa.' They are sometimes given 
proper names, as dogs are. 

ICsc'y (akin to Isleta Vhnl'<\ mountain lion). 
Felis liippolestes Merriam. Rocky Mountain Cougar, Puma, 
Mountain Lion. 

The Southern Ute name for mountain lion is toku. 

The mountain lion is reported for this region by both whites and 
Indians. The Tewa say that the animal crouches or sits waiting for 
its prey. The carved figures of the " Stone Lions" shrine on the 
Pajarito plateau are identified by the Tewa as Vse'y, and the name 
of that place in the Tewa language is Vse'yda'gR'ydlwe, 'where the two 
mountain lions crouch' (Vse'y, mountain lion; d,a, they two; 'te-y, 
to sit, to crouch; 'iwe, locative). 

Hodge gives as Mountain Lion clans of various pueblos: San Juan 
and San Ildefonso, Ka n -tdoa; Nambe, Qe-td6a; Isleta, Kim-t'ainin; 
Pecos, Shiank'yd + ; Laguna, M6kaiqe]i-hdno ch ; Sia and San Felipe, 
Mokaiclh-hdno ; Cochiti, Molikacli-Jidnuch. 

Ksc'y. 

SuJcuFanj (suku, circus, <Span. eirco; F<cry, mountain lion, 

lion) . 
Lion. 

Nil'yVcE'y, 'earth mountain lion' (nd'y, earth; Fse'y, moun- 
tain lion) . 

? 

Whether the annual thus called is mythic or real has not been 
determined. It is the sacred beast of the nadir. It is said to be a 
small animal which burrows in the earth. It is not the pocket- 
gopher, which is called tfuyl. We have no record of shrews or moles. 

Kwx'ji (? <Span. caballo). 

Rtibaju (<Span. caballo). 

Domestic Horse. 
The Tewa. apply both lcw%'ji and htbaju to any kind of horse, 
but use the former term when they talk about horses in the presence 
of a Mexican and fear that kahaju will be understood. It is possible 
that both lcw%'ji and Tcribaju are borrowed from Spanish caballo, the 
former being an earlier, the latter a later borrowing. 

For female horse jewd (<Span. yegua) seems to be the common 
term, though Jcaia jufovi' , 'horse female' (Jcafkiju, horse; Jcwi', female) 
is also in use. For young female horses jewitd (<Span. yeguita) and 
potayKa (<Span. potranca) are heard; young male horses are called 
potrlju (<Span. polrillo). A stallion is regularly called (jauany,ij 
( <Span. garanon). 



HENDERSON 
HARRINGTON 



ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 31 



Many of the Indian languages of the Southwest have, like Tewa, 
borrowed the Spanish word caballo as a designation for the horse. 
In Southern Ute the horse is mostly called pukutsi, a term which seems 
to have originally meant 'pet.' But Icaftaju (<Span. caballo) is also 
used. 

The Tewa now use horses in the same way as the Mexicans who 
live in their country. The Tewa frequently go to the Jicarilla 
Apache country to buy horses. The Jicarilla Apache are noted for 
their fine horses, which they sell cheap. 

There are wild horses to be found on the mesa south of Buckman, 
N. Mex. 

Budii (<Span. burro). 

'Ojeso'jo' , e', 'big-eared little animal' ('oje, ear; so'jo', big; V, 

diminutive) . 
Domestic Donkey. 
It is said that when donkeys first became known to the Tewa the 
term 'ojeso , jo' , e' alone was used. This term is still employed by the 
Tewa when talking in the presence of Mexicans, lest they understand 
the word buqlu. 

The Hopi corruption of Spanish burro is modb; cf. Voth's "moro." * 
A donkey stallion is called budii [/adanuij (<Span. burro garanon). 

Matfu ( < Span, macho) . 

'Ojeso'jo' , e', 'big-eared little animal' ('oje, ear; so'jo', big; V, 

diminutive) . 
Mule. 
The male mule is called matfu ( <Span. macho), the female mule is 
called mulct ( < Span, mula) . Young mules are called matfu 'e' or 
mula'e', V being the diminutive. 

, Ojeso'jo' , e' seems to be rarely applied to mules. 
The Tewa do not own as many mules as they own horses and 
donkeys. 

Seba (<Span. zebra). 
Zebra. 

Hiuap'a (<Span. jirafa). 

Ke dagl H , 'long neck' (he, neck; dug_l, long). 

Giraffe. 

Kameju (<Span. camello). 
Camel. 

Wa'sl. 
Cattle, Cow. 

1 Voth, Hopi Proper Names, Field Columbian Museum Publications , Anthr. Ser., VI, no. 3, p. 113, 1905. 



32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bttll. B6 

The San Ildefonso, Nambe, and San Juan dialects have wa'si; the 
Tesuque and Santa Clara dialects wa'ga. The llano Tewa name is 
unknown. Both wa'si and wa'ga may be adapted from Navaho 
wega/i, 'cow,' or wa'si may come from Navaho tvegafi and wa'ga 
directly from Spanish vaca. The Franciscan fathers x give Navaho 
"begashi" as derived from Spanish vaca (in their spelling vacca or 
bacca, influenced by Latin vaccal) plus an element "shi." The Zuni 
name is wdkasM. 

A milch cow is called wa'po'wa'si (wa~ , breast; po', water; wa'si, 
cow) or wa'po' wa'ga (war, breast; po', water; wa'ga, cow). A cas- 
trated ox or steer is called weje (<Span. buey), and a bull todil 
(<Span. toro). To use wa' sis e_'tj, 'male cow' (wa'si, cow; se'y, male) 
is likely to make a Tewa smile. The young of the species is desig- 
nated by adding the diminutive V to wa'si, wa'ga, weje, todu, etc. 
Dehorned cattle are frequently called pelwr) (<Span. felon). 

The Tewa keep a considerable number of cattle and use the milk 
as well as the flesh and other products. Women usually do the 
milking. Cattle dung (wa'sisa' or wagasar) is considered the superior 
sort for kneading into the cakes used in firing pottery. 

Petsuue. 

Swine. 
This word is applied to either sex of swine, or the ordinary sex-age 
elements may be added. Tewa petsuue is possibly borrowed from 
or at least of the same origin as Navaho " bisode," 'swine'. 2 The Fran- 
ciscan fathers say of the swine: "It was most likely first brought 
to their (i. e., the Navahos') country from Old Mexico, as the name, 
bisode, a corruption of the Aztec pitsotl, seems to indicate." None of 
the common New Mexican Spanish words for swine (marram), cochino, 
puerco, marrana, cochina, puerca) is used much in Tewa speech. 
The Tewa keep a few swine in sties and are very found of the flesh. 

'Eleparfie (<Span. elefante). 
Elephant. 
The trunk of the elephant is called simply fu, 'nose'. 

J^wi'y fs3R' , i ,i , 'white rat,' (i/wi'ij, rat, mouse; ts;r\ while). 

Domestic- White Rat. 
One of our informants knew of these animals and their use as pets. 

i Franciscan Fathers, Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, St. Michaels, Ariz., 1910, p. 143. 
* Ibid., p. 142. 



Henderson 1 ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 33 

haeeingtonJ ^ 

Birds 1 

'OH. 
Duck. 

The Tewa have only this one name for species of wild duck; it is 
also applied to the domestic duck, which has been introduced to some 
extent among them. Descriptive terms may of course be added to 
designate definite species or individual ducks. 

The Taos call duck papidnd, the Isleta papiiie. The Jemez name 
meaning duck is wdfifi. 

Hodge gives Waiushr-Mno as a Duck clan of San Felipe. 

A number of species of duck surely occur in this region during 
migration, but we have no definite record. 

KagX. 

Branta canadensis canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. 

The Tewa have apparently only one name for species of wild goose 
and this they apply also to the domestic goose. 

Hodge gives Kunni-f ainm as a Goose clan of Isleta. 

McCall 2 says: "I did not meet the Canada goose until I reached 
the Rio Grande, which was at a point 60 miles below El Paso ; thence I 
found them tolerably numerous until I left the river near Santa Fe." 
He also reports as occasional the snow goose (Chen hyperborcus Jiyper- 
boreus [Pallas]), white-fronted goose {Anser albifrons gambeli Hart- 
laub), and the brant (Bemicla brenta Steph. = Bran ta bernicla glau- 
coqastra [Brehm]) along the Rio Grande, but does not indicate how 
far north he saw them. Other species doubtless occur, including the 
whistling and trumpeter swans, but we have no records. 

% Grus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. 
McCall 2 found this crane on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe to El 
Paso in October, more abundant below Albuquerque. 

fo-kr-bi, apparently 'sagebrush softness' (to-, Rocky Mountain 
sagebrush; U&-U, softness, soft). The Santa Clara say 
merely io'tse'. 
Callipepla sguamata squamata (Vigors). Scaled Quail. 
Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell say that large flocks sometimes visit 
the Rito de los Frijoles. 

i For comparative purposes consult the following: Henshaw, H. W., Report upon the Ornithological 
Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona during the 
years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Eiplor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., v, pp. 131-507, 1875. Hen- 
shaw H W., and Nelson, E. W., List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, 
Now Mexico' The Auk, n, pp. 326-33, 1885; in, pp. 73-80, 1886. Oilman, M. French, Birds on the Navajo 
Reservation in New Mexico, The Condor, x, pp. 146-52, 1908. Mitchell, Walton I., The Summer Birds of 
San Miguel County, New Mexico, The Aule, xv, pp. 306-11, 1898. Bailey, Florence Merriam, Additional 
Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xxi, pp. 349-63, 1904; Additions to Mitchell's List of the Sum- 
mer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico, ibid., pp. 443-49. Henry, T. Charlton, Catalogue of the 
Birds of New Mexico as Compiled from Notes and Observations Made While in that Territory, During a 
Residence of Six Years, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pfttto.,1859, xi, pp. 104-09, 1860. 

s McCall, George A., Some Remarks on the Habits, etc., of Birds Met with in Western Texas, Between 
San Antonio and the Rio Grande, and in New Mexico, etc., ibid., v, p. 223, 1852. 



34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

'/»«*' • 

Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. 

The informants' description of f%' fits this species well. This 
large grouse is common in the Jemez Mountains and is said to come 
down into the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles in large numbers 
in the autumn. It is one of the important food birds of the region 
and is probably to be found breeding in all the mountains of north- 
central New Mexico. A few flocks were seen by McCall in the moun- 
tains from Santa Fe to Taos. 1 

<l 

Lagopus leucurus leucurus (Swainson). White-tailed Ptarmigan. 

Under the name Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood this bird has 
been reported in the Pecos Mountains and the mountains about 
Taos, 2 but that form is considered indistinguishable from leucurus. 
The species has been reported from Summit Peak, Colo., west of the 
Rio Grande, 3 so that it may occur on the western side of the valley 
in New Mexico. The ptarmigan is a bird of high latitude and high 
altitude, preferring the region of perpetual snow. It is exceedingly 
probable that during the latter part of the glacial epoch, when 
glaciers extended down most of the upper mountain valleys of 
Colorado and northern New Mexico, the snow-line was much lower, 
and the regular range of the ptarmigan, leucosticte, and other birds 
of alpine habit extended to elevations perhaps several thousand feet 
lower than at present, and probably considerably farther south. By 
the retreat of the glaciers their range has been gradually restricted 
so that now only a few are left on the higher peaks. It is likely that 
the ptarmigan was known to the ancient inhabitants of the Pajarito 
Plateau, and it may have occurred in considerable numbers at the 
head of the Rito, especially during the winter, 10 or 20 centuries ago. 



Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Hen. 
Reported at Tierra Amarilla by Henshaw. 4 Parts of the Rio 
Grande Valley are well suited to this bird. If it formerly occurred hi 
numbers, its large size would have made it an important addition to 
the diet of the inhabitants. 

£)i' (akin to Isleta dUude) . 

Pi'ydi' (pi'y, mountain; dl', turkey, chicken). 

Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson. Merriam's Turkey. 
The uncompounded di' is now applied mostly to the introduced 
domestic fowl or chicken and not to turkey as it doubtlessly was 
formerly. P\'y, ' mountain,' is usually prejoined to distinguish turkeys 

» McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222. 

'-' Bailey, Florence Merriani. Notes from Northern New Mexico, Tin Auk. wii. pp. 316-18, 1905. Addi- 
tional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xxi, pp. 353 -52, 1904. 
; Benshaw, II. \\\, Note on Lagopus leucurus and Leucosticte australis, Th< An];, xxn, pp. 315-16, 1905. 
< Henshaw, II. w., Report upon Ornithological Collections, etc., op. cit., p. 437. 



HEXDERSOX 
HARRIXGTO> 



N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 35 



from chickens. Pi' or pi'ydi' applies to the domestic as well as to the 
wild turkey. The Isleta terms meaning 'turkey' exactly parallel the 
Tewa, diiude being the equivalent of Tewa di', and piendidude that of 
Tewa pi'yd'v . The Cochiti call turkey tsena. 

Hodge gives as Turkey clans of various pueblos: Pecos, P'etdelu'+; 
Laguna, Tsi'na-hdno ch ; Acoma, T$/na-hdnog ch ; Sia, Tst-hdno; San 
Felipe, Tsina-hdno; Santa Ana, Tsinha-Jidno; Cochiti, Tsi'n-Jiano; 
Zuni, Tona-Tcwe. 

The Mexicans hi New Mexico usually call the turkey gallo de la 
tierra, gallina de la tierra. Spanish guajalote is not applied to the 
turkey in New Mexico. 

Turkeys breed hi considerable numbers in the mountains. We 
saw 30 hi one flock at the edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the 
headwaters of El Kito de los Frijoles. They come down into the 
canyons in the autumn hi large numbers and congregate about 
the springs, where, it is said, they are slaughtered by the Mexicans. 
There is no doubt that they were formerly much more abundant 
than now and probably constituted an important article of food of 
the ancient inhabitants. The Indians long ago domesticated this 
bird, or, at any rate, kept many of them hi inclosures. It is sup- 
posed that the birds in capitivity were kept for ceremonial purposes, 
the feathers being used in various rites. This raises some doubt as 
to whether the captive birds were used also for food. One of the 
old men from Santa Clara pueblo said that the turkey is always 
silent, "never makes any noise." This shows a surprising lack of 
knowledge of the species. According to McCall, 1 60 years ago it 
"was found on almost every stream margined with timber, through- 
out the whole of the country traversed." 

Pi: 

Domestic fowl, Chicken. 

The name was originally applied to the wild turkey; see above. 

The cock or rooster is called either 4i' s CVi 'male chicken' (di', 
chicken; se;y, male) or gaju (<Span. gallo). 

The Tewa keep many chickens, and use the eggs (di'wa'), flesh, and 
feathers. 

Ko^ytvi'. 

Zenaidura macroura marginetta (Woodhouse). Western Mourn- 
ing Dove. 

The Taos name is pidngaipaand; Isleta, Icaipaiue; Jemez, ginamy,. 

This dove was found to be abundant both in the canyons and on 

the mesas. It is the only dovelike bird of the region, unless the 

band-tailed pigeon occurs in limited numbers locally. The latter 

may be recognized by the white nape band at the back of the skull 

i McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222. 



36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

of the male and of most females. The mourning dove is used for 
food by the Indians. Our San Ildefonso Indian informants described 
minutely the whistling of its wings and its call notes, which one of 
the informants rendered by 'o — 'o — 'o—'o. When this imitation was 
heard one of the old Indians broke out into a "rain song," which led 
us to suspect that this bird was connected in his mind with rain. 

Hodge gives as Dove clans of various pueblos: Sia, Ilohoka-liano; 
San Felipe, Iluuka-lidno; Santa Ana, HooJca-hdno. 

'Ohiwse. 

Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. 
We saw three in the Jemez Mountains, at the edge of the Valle 
Grande, and one at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. Our Indian inform- 
ants said that this bird is confined to the mountains, lives on dead 
meat, does not catch animals alive, and has a red head with no p*o, 
'hair/ 'feathers,' on it. The Tewa did not eat the 'okqwse. They 
were shown pictures of this vulture and of the California vulture or 
condor (Oymnogyps californianus [Shaw]), and one old man who had 
been in California at once pointed to the latter and exclaimed, 
JcaMp'odnia'ohlwse, 'California vulture.' 

Qwse'ypi', 'red tail' (qwse'y, tail; pi', red). 
Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Redtail. 

This large hawk is fairly common all over the plateau. A pair 
nested near camp at the Rito. The Indians recognize it by the color 
of the tail and the screaming call note. They do not eat it. It is 
probable that Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte) is also 
common, but we identified none with certainty. 

Besides the qwse'ypi' the Tewa have names for three other kinds 
of hawk. Tfug.se is the kind of hawk which the Mexicans call gavilan. 
The tfug.se is said to be a large bird. Qwse'yt'u\ 'spotted tail' (qwse-y, 
tail; t'y,', spotted) is called by the Mexicans cola pinta, these words 
having the same meaning. 

The qwse'yfy,' is smaller than the tfugse. T\y is the smallest species 
of hawk known to the Tewa and is of the color of a ju'y, 'mocking- 
bird.' 

Hodge gives Kyu n ga n -tdoa as a Hawk clan of San Ildefonso. 

Tse\ 

Eagle. 

Tlaliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. 
Eagles of various colors are mentioned in Tewa mythology. Tse' 
is the tsuetujo, 'chieftain bird' (tsiie, bird; tujo, chieftain), and 
symbolizes the zenith in the beast-identifications of the world- 
regions. The Isleta call eagle fuiie; the Cochiti, Paine: the Hopi, 
Icwaliui. 

Hodge gives as Eagle clans of various pueblos: San Juan (given by 



™GTOn] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 37 



HENDERSON 
HARE 



Bandelier), Santa Clara, and Tesuque, Tse-tdoa; San Ildefonso and 
Nambe, Tse-tdoa; Isleta, SMu-t'ainm; Jemez, Sehtsa-dsh; Pecos, See+ ; 
Laguna, Tydmi-lidno ch ; Acoma, T J ydrm-lidnoq ch ; Sia, San Felipe, and 
Santa Ana, D'ydmi-hdno; Cochiti, Dydmi-hdnuch; Zufii, K'ydlc'yali- 
~kwe; also a "Painted Eagle" clan, Sepi n -tdoa, at San Juan. 

A fine pair of the Haliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.) 
were noted at the Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, August 19, 1910. It is 
likely that the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.), occurs also in 
this region, but we have no definite record of it. The informants 
said that there is also a kind of eagle which they call tse' te&'i'* 
'white eagle' (tse-, eagle; ts%-, white). This may be the young of 
the golden eagle. Miss Fletcher speaks of "the white eagle (the 
young brown or golden eagle) " } 

Mqhutj. 

Tsiso'jo', 'big eyes' (tsi, eye; so' jo', big). Owl. 

Strix occldentalis occidentalis (Xantus). Spotted Owl. 

The name mah/y/g may be an imitation of the hoot. Gushing gives 
li mu'h-hu-tu' )J as a Zufii imitation of the cry of an owl. 2 The Isleta 
call owl hnukuiie; the Jemez, huny,. 

At least one pair nested at El Rito de los Frijoles, and serenaded 
our camp nightly. Though we have found no definite record of them, 
the following species may be expected in the region : Long-eared owl 
(Asio wilsonianus [Lesson]), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus [Pont.]), 
saw- whet owl (Cryptoglaux acadica acadica [Gmelin]), Aiken's 
screech owl (Otus asio aikeni [Brewster]), flammulated screech owl 
(Otus fiammeolus flammeolus [Kaup]), western horned owl (Bubo 
virginianus pallescens Stone), and Rocky Mountain pygmy owl 
(Glaucidium gnoma pinicola Nelson) . 

Kvmqhuy, 'prairie-dog owl' (kv , prairie-dog; mqhuy, owl). 

Speotyto cunicularia hypogsea (Bonaparte). Burtowing Owl. 
McCall 3 found it occasionally along the Rio Grande, from Valverde 
to Santa Fe. It doubtless occurs northward hi the valley, especially 
about prairie-dog colonies. 

'Og.owi. 

Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson). Road-runner. 
The Mexicans of New Mexico call this bird paisano. Some Ameri- 
cans have called it chaparral cock. 

This long-tailed, long-legged bird seeks safety by running rather 
than by flying. Judge Abbott says he has seen it occasionally on the 
mesas within a few miles of the Rito de los Frijoles. 

1 A. C. Fletcher, The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony, Twenty-second Ann! Hip. Bur. Amir, l'.lhn., ut. 2 
p. 21, 1904. 

2 F. H. dishing, Zufii Breadslulf, The Millnloiu , x, no. i\ , April, 1885, p. 59. 
3 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 214. 



38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 

The footprints of the road-runner resemble a letter X. They are 
called by the same term as the foot itself: 'ogowi-'Ciy, 'road-runner 
foot or footprint' ('ogowr, road-runner; '4y, foot, footprint). 

Hodge gives as Road-runner clans of various pueblos: Laguna, 
S~hidskaJidno ch ; Acoma, SMslc'-Mnoq ch ; Sia, Chosli'lca-hdno; San 
Felipe, Sosh'ka-hdno; Zuni, Poye-hve. The Handbook of Ameri- 
can Indians (following Fewkes) gives " Hosboa" as the Road-runner 
or Pheasant clan of the Hopi. 

P'i'o. 

Dryohates villosus monticola Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy 
Woodpecker^). 1 
Black above, with white stripe down back, white stripes about head, 
white spots on wings, white outer tail-feathers, white beneath, and 
male with red spot on back of head. Common throughout the region — 
in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. The alpine 
three-toed woodpecker (Picoides americanus dorsalis Band) occurs in 
the high mountains of northern New Mexico . 2 Williamson's sapsucker 
(Sphyrapicus thyroideus [Cassin]) ranges southward as far as central 
New Mexico and winters in the territory. The northern pileolated 
woodpecker (Plilaotomus abieticola [Bangs]) extends into the forest 
area of northern Now Mexico. If the red-headed woodpecker 
( Mdanerpes erythrocephalus [Linn.]) occurs, it is accidental. Lewis's 
woodpecker (Asyndesmus h irisi Riley), black above, reddish beneath, 
with a gray collar, should occur here. 

? 

ColapUs cafer coUaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. 
Verv common in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
Our Indian informants, in describing its habits, told of its boring into 
trees for "worms" and for nesting sites, but had never observed its 
very pronounced habit of alighting on the ground and searching for 
ants, which was a daily sight at the Rito. 



Phalsenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Aud.). Poor-will. 
We heard the mournful calls of this bird only in the Jemez Moun- 
tains, a few miles beyond the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles, 
August 18 and 19, 1910. 

? . 

Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk. 
On a cloudy day (August 2) hundreds of these useful birds were 
circling over the mesa between Santa Fe and Buckman. At the Rito 
there seemed to be very few of them. 

»The Hairy Woodpecker of Arizona and New Mexico has been described as a new subspecies: Drynbatcs 
villosus leucot'torcclis Oberbolser. Sec Oberbolser, II. C, A Revision of tl e Forms of the Hairy Wood- 
peckers (Dryohates villosus [ Luuueus]), Prnc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, pp. 008-09, 1911. 

'A- O. U. Check-List of North American Birds, p. 190. 



HE 

HARR 



rr?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 39 



Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated Swift. 
Common on the rim of Rio Grande Canyon below the mouth of El 
Rito de los Frijoles. 

Kohe. 

T'g'ylcohe, 'sun hummingbird' (t'g'y, sun; Tcohe, hummingbird). 

Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. 
Very abundant at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, dozens of them 
hovering over the patches of "waco," or "bee-plant" (Cleome ser- 
rulate, Pursh.). Specimens taken were identified by Dr. Ridgway. 
Our Indian informants correctly distinguished the males and females 
when shown specimens, noticed that they were found mostly about 
the Cleome, and said they were not found in the Rio Grande Canyon. 
The broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus [Swainson]), 
calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope [Gould]), and black-chinned 
hummingbird (ArcJiilochus alexandri [Bourc. & Mul.]) are likely to be 
found hi this region. 

Hodge gives Mi'itsr-Jiano as a Hummingbird clan of San Felipe. 

Kwse'se. 

Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine). Magpie. 
This conspicuous bird is well known to the Tewa and is mentioned 
in their mythology. 

Tse'Jcwse'se, 'spruce magpie' (tee', Douglas spruce; Icws^se, mag- 
pie). 
A kind of magpie. 
No particulars could be learned except that this bird is a kind of 
magpie which frequents tse~ trees. 

Se\ 

Jay. 
For the species considered separately, see below. 
Hodge gives Se-tdoa as a "bluebird" clan of San Ildefonso. 

Se\ 

Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Long-crested Jay. 
This bird, so easily recognized by its dark blue color and long 
crest, or topknot, is common all over the region — in the canyons, on 
the mesas, and in the mountains. Strangely enough, our Indian 
informants, though quite familiar with the bird, had not noticed that 
it lowered its crest hi flying, but thought the crest was always erect. 

Ser. 

Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. 
This and the pifion jay are readily distinguished from the long- 
crested jay by the lack of crests. The pinon jay is nearly uniform 
69231°— Bull. 56—14 i 



40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY T bull. 56 

bluish-gray, the bead a trifle darker than the hack, lighter blue 
below, tail shorter than wing; the Woodhouse jay not bluish below, 
wing shorter than tail. They arc both abundant among the pinon 
pines and cedars of the mesas. Wo did not observe them in the 
mountains and seldom in the canyons. The name "pifionero" is 
applied to both species by the Mexicans, who do not distinguish them 
apart and find both together among the pinon pines, though Cones 
and other ornithologists have assumed that it meant only the pinon 
jay. It is to these two species, probably, that Bandelier refers 1 
when he says: "These trees are also beset by flocks of the Picicorvus 
columbinus (called Pinonero in Spanish and sho-hak-ka in Queres), a 
handsome, bird, which ruthlessly plunders the nut-bearing pines, 
uttering discordant shrieks and piercing cries." These two jays 
have always been found in large numbers in such situations and 
could not have escaped his notice, while Clarke's nutcracker, whose 
former technical name Bandelier used, was not noted by us anywhere 
in the pinon-cedar belt and would not be so likely to occur there. 

Se\ 

Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. Rocky Mountain 'Tay. 
This jay, about the size of the preceding species, is very similar to 
the gray Canada jay or "whisky jack" of the Northeastern States, 
but its head is almost entirely white. Northern New Mexico is 
included within its range, but it would likely occur only in the highest 
mountains except in the winter. 

'(Ho. 

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow. 

The Tewa appear to designate crow and raven by this one name. 
Mrs. Stevenson 2 gives "kaka" as the Zuni word meaning "raven" 
(or crow?)- dishing 3 tells the Zuni story of the origin of the crow, 
in which he says "they (the crows) flew away laughing Ka-ha, Ka- 
ha, as they've laughed ever since." The imitated call is interesting 
in connection with the Zuiii name for crow. In the same article 
dishing tells how the Zuni keep crows away from sprouting corn by 
means of scarecrows. 

As Crow clans at various pueblos Hodge gives: Jemez, Kyialish; 
Pecos, Kyid'hl+; Sia, Schira-hdno; San Felipe, Schirld-hdno. 

A number of crows were seen and heard in the Jemez Mountains, 
near Valle Grande, perhaps of this form which is reported on the 
Pecos, to the eastward, by Mrs. Bailey, though they may be of the 
western form, C. b. hesperis Ridgway. The white-necked raven (Cor- 

> Bandelier, A. F., Final Report, VI- I, Papers Archxol. rust. A m<r., Anur. Sir., rv, p. 130-, 1882. ■ 

> Stevenson, M. ('., The Zuni Indians, Tw( niy-third A ran. Rep. Bur. A m<r. FJhn., p. 61, 1-. »( »4. 
» Gushing, F. II., Zuni BreadsUilI, The Millstone, May, 1884, pp. 77-78. 



Harrington] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 41 

vus cryptoleucus Couch) may occur in this region. It was reported at 
Galisteo, south of Santa Fe, by Goss. 1 



Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clarke's Nutcracker. 
Several were seen in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande, and 
two in Alamo Canyon, about five miles south of El Rito tie los Frijoles. 
They were above the pifion belt. Gray, with' black wings and tail, 
white patch on wing and white outer tail-feathers, this is a striking 
bird inflight. McCall 2 found it u in the high pine forests east of 
Santa Fe and on the Taos Mountain." 



Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). Pinon Jay. 
See discussion of this species under Woodhouse's jay (pp. 39-40). 
McCall's 3 Cyanocorax cassinii is a synonym of this species. 



Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed 
Blackbird. 
Described and reported in the Rio Grande Valley near San Ilde- 
fonso by our Indian informants, who say they use it for food and 
that it is seen only in the winter, associated with red-winged black- 
birds. 



Agelaius phainiceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing( ?). 
Reported in the Rio Grande Valley by our San Ildefonso Indian 
informants, who correctly described the differences between the male 
and the female, and their nesting sites and habits. They said that 
the birds are eaten by the Tewa. This subspecies may be A. p. neu- 
tralis Ridgway. 



Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. 
Reported by Kennerly 4 on "Pueblo Creek" (probably near Taos), 
January 22, 1854. We have found no subsequent record, though 
the species probably occurs regularly in the region in the winter. 
The creek on which Taos pueblo is situated is called Pueblo Creek 
above its confluence with Arroyo Hondo; the creek north of which 
Picuris pueblo lies is called Pueblo Creek above its confluence with 
Penasco Creek. 



Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch. 

1 Goss, Nathaniel S., White-Necked Raven ( Corvus cryptoleucus) in New Mexico, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
vi, p. 118, 1881. 

2 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. J17. 

3 Ibid., pp. 216-17. 

* Kennerly, C B. R., Report on Birds Collected on the Route, Zoological Report, No. 3, p. 27, Explor, 
& Surv.for 8, II. from Miss, to Pac. Ocean, U. S. War Deft., x, 1859, 



42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Common in Santa Fe and probably in. all other towns of New 
Mexico. It is found usually about houses that are surrounded by 
trees and near an open supply of water. Tins leads one to wonder 
whether it did not inhabit El Rito de los Frijoles when the canyon 
was teeming with human inhabitants. McCall reported it at Santa 
Fe long ago, and also reported Carpodacus obscurus Nobis and 
described Carpodacus familiaris from the same place. 1 These may 
both be safely referred to frontalis. 



Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. 
This tiny bird was abundant especially among the sunflowers — one 
of the most abundant birds in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles. 



Clwndestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western Lark 
Sparrow. 
A few were seen by us in the open fields at the foot of the Jemez 
Mountains, near the old Buckman sawmill. McCall 2 reported it on 
the plains near Santa Fe. 

% Qwoue. 

Spizella breweri Cassin. Brewer's Sparrow. 
Very common in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. 
Reported at Santa Fe by Henshaw. 3 



Junco phxonotus dorsalis Henry. Red-backed Junco. 
Abundant from base to top of Jemez Mountains, near the head- 
waters of El Rito de los Frijoles, June 19 and 20, 1910. The gray- 
headed junco (Junco phxonotus caniceps [Woodhouse]) probably also 
nests in the liigher mountains of the region, and several species prob- 
ably winter there. Our Indian informants recognized pictures and 
descriptions of juncoes as winter visitors, but were not aware that 
any species summered in the region. 



Mrtospiza melodia montana Henshaw. Mountain Song Sparrow. 
Probably it was this species, then undescribed, found by Kennedy 4 
at Pueblo Creek, near Taos, and recorded as M. fallax. 



Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth. Spurred Towhee. 
A few were seen in the canyon and on the mesa at El Rito de los Fri- 
joles, but the species is not common. Recorded by Kennedy 8 under 

1 McCall, George A., op. cit., pp. 210 20; also Nolo on Carpodacus frontalis Bay, with Description of a 
New Species of the Same Genus, from Santa Fe. X. Mcx., Proc. Accd. Nat. Sci. PMla., VI, p. 61, 1854. 
i Ibid., p. 218. 

: > Henshaw, II. W., op. cit.,p. 280. 
« Kennedy, C B. R., op. cit., p. 29. 
Mbid., p. 30. 



HENDERSON 
HARRI 



n|to N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 43 



the name P. megalonyx at Pueblo Creek. Probably also by McCall, 1 
P. arcticus, at Santa Fe. 



Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). Black-headed Grosbeak. 
A single pair raised a brood near camp at El Rito de los Frijoles 

? 

Passer domesticus (Linn.). English Sparrow. 
Introduced into the territory since 1886. Apt to be found now in 
all the more important towns, but probably not in the uninhabited 
canyon and mesa regions; certainly unknown to the ancient inhab- 
itants. 



Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. 

Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green 

Swallow. 

Several times birds of one or the other of these two species were 

seen at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we could seldom get a good view of 

them. Our impression is that the latter was represented, and probably 

both. The former was reported by McCall 2 as nesting at Santa Fe. 

% 

Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon's Warbler. 
Common on August 20, 1910, at the foot of the Jemez Mountains, 
near the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles. 

Geothhjpis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat. 

Our Indian informants describe this species by its color, song, and 
habits, as a bird living along the Rio Grande in this region, and when 
shown a colored figure of it with pictures of other warblers they at 
once recognized it. 

Doubtless other species of the wood warbler family pass through 
in migration and probably some nest in this region, but no records 
are at hand. 

Jyy. 

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird. 

Reported near San Ildefonso by one of our Indian informants, who 

seemed quite familiar with the bird, knew the white man's name for 

it, and described its song as the song of all other birds combined. 

The whites report it at Santa Fe. 

Salpinctes ohsoletus obsoletus [Say]. Rock Wren. 

i MoCall, George A., op. cit., p. 218. 2 Ibid., p. 215. 



44 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 

One taken by us on the rim of the Rio Grande Canyon below the 
mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles. Reported abundant at Santa Fe 
by Henshaw. 1 

( 'aifu /'pes mexicanus cons per sus Ridgway. Canyon Wren. 
Common along all the canyon cliffs of this region. The song of the 
male, usually of about seven loud, ringing notes descending the scale, 
makes it the most noticeable of the wrens. 

Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon. Western House Wren. 
Common in the canyons and on the mesas. 

Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. 
Common on the mesas and in the mountains. We saw none in the 
canyons cutting the mesas. 

Sitta piigmsea pygmsea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch. 
Abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
This tiny species was everywhere to be found in numbers among the 
pines. 

Bseoloplms inornatus grisens (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. 
Very common among the pifion pines and cedars on the mesas. 

% 

Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway). Mountain Chickadee. 
Very abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
The type locality for this species is "about one day's journey west of 
Santa Fe," which would be not far from El Rito de los Frijoles. We 
saw no long-tailed chickadees (Penthestes eitricapiUus se ptentrionalis 
[Harris]). 

Myadestes townsendi (Aud.). Townsend's Solitaire. 
Common in the canyon at Painted Cave, 5 miles or more south of 
El Rito de los Frijoles. 

1 1 glocicMa fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush. 
A pair raised a brood at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1910. Recorded 
also from Pueblo Creek, near Taos Pueblo, in 1904, by Mrs. Bailey. 2 

? . 

Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway). Western Robin. 
Common in the canyons and in the mountains. 

i Henshaw. II. W., op. cil.. p. ISO. "- Bailey, Florenee Merriam, op. cit., pp. 317-ls. 



HE 
HARR 



RRi E NGT,y ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 45 



Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird. 
Abundant everywhere on the mesas, but none in the canyons. Our 
Indian informants had noted the same fact. 

Palomd (<Span. pah ma). 
Domestic Pigeon. 
Gatschet * incorrectly gives "paroma" as the Tesuque name for 
pigeon. 

Periku ( < Span, perico) . 

Pah ( < Eng. polly) . 
Hodge gives as a Parrot clan of Zimi, distinct from the Macaw clan, 
PioJii-kwe; there is also the testimony of Lummis that there is no 
Parrot clan at Isleta. 

Tan\. 
Macaw. 

This is the bird which the Mexicans call guacamayo. Its feathers 
are highly prized by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes. They state 
that the feathers and also live tan\ were obtained from Mexico in 
former tunes. The informants stated that a tani is at the present 
time kept in a cage at Santo Domingo pueblo. 

Hodge gives as Parrot clans of various pueblos (which are possibly 
Macaw clans) : Laguna, ShdwU^-7idno ch ; Acoma, Shdwii i -hanoq ch ; Sia 
and Santa Ana, Shd'witi-hdno; San Felipe, Sho'wati-hdno ; and as a 
Macaw clan of Zuni, Mulakwe. 

Tside ise'jl H , 'yellow bird' (tsiie, bird; the' , yellow). 
Canary. 
Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these 
birds in cages and call them canarios. 

PafooMal (<Span. pavo real). 
Peacock. 
Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these 
birds. 

The following are Tewa names of birds which we have not yet 
been able to identify with scientific names: 

P eisep" e H1 e' , perhaps the oriole. 

Kauaywep', said to be similar to n%'qwoue. 

Nse'qwode, said to be similar to IcaMijwse,' . 

Kwq'qwede, perhaps the common house swallow. 

Po'sakse', described as a small bird with needle-like nose. 

jyws^'ytside, 'pine bird' (ywse'ij, Pinus scopulorum; tsiue, bird). 
This is described as a small bird with gray body and white 
head, which jumps about in the rock-pines. 

1 A. S. Gatschet, Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimer, lSTfi, p. 40. 



46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETTINOLOGY [bull. 56 

Tsiue pi- } i H , 'red bird' (tsue, bird; pi', red), applies to one or 

more species of small red bird. 
Kuse'y, a small bird. 
'Ony,'e', perhaps a speeies of blackbird. 
'O&oja'. 
Ka'wo'. 
Piju. 
K' if tsue. 
Tse'Jcqruj, tsiue. 
Ka'tsiue, 'leaf bird' (hv , leaf; tsue, bird), a kind of small 

yellow bird. 
Te-tse' (of obscure etymology), a species of small yellowish bird 

seen in cottonwood and other trees. 
Po'h'V, 'water mockingbird' (fxr , water; jy,-y, mockingbird), a 
small, inconspicuous bird seen by water. Possibly the dipper 
(water ouzel), Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte. 
Po'te'ji, probably the killdeer or "tildee." The first syllable 

sounds like po~ , 'water.' 
Po-Jcep^y, 'water bent neck' (fw , water; Ice, neck; ]>e:y, bent), 
some kind of water bird. It has long legs and is seen along 
the Rio Grande. Probably a heron. 
Kwq:pije, 'toward rain' (kwfr, rain; pije, toward), a heron-like 

species of bird. 
K'd'sR-wi. A kind of blue bird seen in pinon trees. It is thought 

by the informant that Mexicans call it piflonero. 
TscVsg'*. A large kind of bird. 
T\'ife\ A species of large red bird. 

Puga. This is the bird which the Mexicans call gruUa. It is a 
large, buff-colored bird seen wading or walking by the river. When 
it migrates it flies in a V -shape, making at times a peculiar whirring 
or trilled noise which can be heard even though the birds be high 
in the air. Mrs. Stevenson l mentions the sandhill crane as known 
at Zuni. 

Hodge gives as Crane or Heron clans of various pueblos: Hano, 
Kapulo-towa (the Rio Grande Tewa do not know the word Jcapulo) ; 
Sia, Khuia-haiio; Znni, Kd'lokta-Jcwe. 

Reptiles 

The smaller lizards, especially the swifts, are very abundant 
throughout the region. Horned lizards (popularly called "horned 
toads") are by no means infrequent. The larger lizards are either 
not abundant or more adept at escaping observation. None, of the 
lizards found here arc poisonous. The only known poisonous lizards 

1 Stevenson, M. ('., The Zniii Indians, Twenty-third Ann. Rep. But. Amer. Ethn.,j>. 292, 1904. 



Srb?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 47 

of the New World appear to be the Gila monster and the Mexican 
beaded lizard, neither of which occurs in northern New Mexico. 
Among the snakes the only poisonous one known in the region is the 
rattlesnake. The wound made by any reptile or other animal having 
teeth capable of lacerating the epidermis or flesh may of course become 
infected, just as a scratch produced by any inorganic substance may, 
and thus create the impression that the poison was injected at the 
time of the bite. Our Indian informants considered the swifts and 
horned lizards harmless, but declared that the Sonora skink, of 
which a specimen was found by them, is poisonous. The Indians 
have the same so-called instinctive dread for the larger reptiles, par- 
ticularly snakes, as the whites, being startled when suddenly they 
come upon one, and disliking to handle them. Tbey informed us 
that neither snakes nor lizards are used as food at present by the 
Tewa, but it is not unlikely that their ancestors used them, at least 
during times of famine. However, they could not have been at any 
time more than an insignificant article of food. 

There appears to be a widespread belief that the Indians of the 
Southwest generally are addicted to the use of reptiles for food. 
Whatever may be true of the past, this is not the case now. Rus- 
sell's statement concerning the Pima Indians, 1 that "snakes are not 
eaten, even in times of famine, and the idea of eating lizards is 
repudiated with scorn," is applicable to many other Southwestern 
tribes. 

LIZARDS 



Crota phytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) . Bailey's Collared Lizard . 
This fine lizard probably occurs throughout the region, though we 
saw none. C. collaris was reported at Santa Fe and San Ildefonso 
by Yarrow and Cope 2 long before the subspecies baileyi was de- 
scribed, but Stejneger 3 places our area within the range of baileyi 
and represents collaris as occurring from Pecos Valley eastward. 

% -— 

Holbrookia mnaculata maculata (Girard ) . Common Spotted Lizard . 

i Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amcr. Ethn., p. S3, 1908. 

2 Yarrow, II. C, Report upon the Collections of Batraehians and Reptiles made in Portions of Nevada, 
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874, U. S. 
Geog. Explor. and Survey W. of 100th .Meridian, v, p. 566, 1875; Check-List of North American Reptilia 
and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 24, 
p. 52, 1882. Cope, E. D., The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. 
Museum for 1898, pp. 24S-53, 1900. 

3 Stejneger, Leonhard, Annotated List of Reptiles and Batraehians Collected by Dr. C. HartMerriam and 
Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with 
descriptions of New Species, North American Fauna, no. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 103-05, pi. xm, 1890. 
Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxih, pp. 512-14, 1907. 



48 BUREAU OF AUKKH'AN ETHNOLOGY [p.rix.SG 

Reported at Santa Fe, Abiquiu,San Lldefonso, and Plaza del Alcalde 
by Yarrow and Cope. 1 



Uta stansburiatia Baird & Girard. Stansbury's Small-scaled 
Swift. 
Reported at San lldefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 2 

8 

Uta levis Stejneger. Olive Small-scaled Swift. 
Type locality is Tierra Amarilla. 3 This appears to be Yarrow's 
record 4 under the name Uta ornata Baird & Girard. Our Indian 
informants say that snakes swallow these lizards. They are harmless. 



Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus (Baird & Girard). Yellow- 
banded Spiny-scaled Swift. 
Yarrow reported this species from Santa Fe and described Scelo- 
porus tristichus from Taos, the description being written by Cope 
apparently. Afterward Yarrow reported tristichus from Taos and 
consobrinus from both Taos and Santa Fe. Cope later repeated Yar- 
row's records for both localities, but made both of them subspecies 
of undulatus. 5 Ditmars 6 ignores tristichus. Small lizards of tins 
group are very abundant at El Bito de los Frijoles, darting in and 
out among the rocks and logs everywhere in the canyon. The only 
specimens we collected are assigned to consobrinus. 

Eodohiy. 

Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi (Girard). Western Horned 
Lizard. 
Reported at Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and San lldefonso by Yarrow 
and Cope. 7 We collected two specimens of horned lizard at El Rito 
de los Frijoles, and both are hernandesi. Our Indian informants 
declared that snakes swallow these lizards, swell up, burst, and the 
lizard comes out alive. This is not more fantastic than some of the 
popular notions of white people concerning animals. The name 
"horned toad," usually applied to this animal, should be dropped 
even from popular literature, as it belongs distinctly to the Reptilia 
and not to the Amphibia. 

Kodohiy. 

Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum (Girard). Ornate Horned 
Lizard. 

i Yarrow, H.C, Report, op. cit., p. 569; Check-List, op eit., pp. 5tv-57. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 293-97. 

2 Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. eit., p. 506, Check-List, op. cit., p. 49. Cope, op. cit., p. 310. 

i Stejneger, op. cit., p. 108. Cope, op. cit., p. 313. 

< Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, op. cit., p. 56. 

o Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 572; Check-List, op. cit., pp. M-fi2. Cope.E.D., op. cit., pp.376 8L 

e Ditmars, R. L., Reptile Book, New York, 1907. 

i Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 581; Check-List, op. cit., pp. 6S-6a. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 413-15. 



HENDERSOX 
HARRIXGTO 



[.] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 49 

Reported at Santa Fe by Yarrow and Cope. 1 

Kodohiy. 

Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan. Southern Horned lizard. 
Reported at San Ildefonso and Abiquiu by Yarrow, 2 and at Taos, 
Abiquiu, and San Ildefonso by Cope. 3 

Kodohiy. 

Anota modesta Girard. Little Horned Lizard. 
Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 4 



Cnemidophorus tessellatus perplexus (Baird & Girard). Seven- 
striped Lizard. 
Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 5 This is Yarrow's 
C. octolineatus Baird, from the same locality. 6 Possibly the sub- 
specific name perplexus should be dropped. 

? 

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linn.). Six-lined Lizard. 
Recorded at Santa Fe, Plaza del Alcalde, and Abiquiu to Jemez, 
by Yarrow and Cope. 7 This record possibly should be referred to 
C. gularis Baird & Girard. 

Kodu'u. 

Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard) . Sonora Skink. 

Two fine specimens of this lizard, with the edges of the scales quite 
dark, were unearthed by the Indians in excavating the old pueblo at 
El Rito de los Frijoles. One was captured, the other escaped. Old 
men of San Ildefonso declared that it is poisonous and would not 
touch it. They have a "remedy" for its bite. They are mistaken 
as to its poisonous character. The Mexicans call this kind of lizard 
escurpion. 

Besides the ~kodoh{y, 'horned lizard/ which the Mexicans call 
camaleon, the Tewa have names for five other kinds of nativejizards: 

Qwvpa-je is a lizard which is sometimes as long as the ts%-qwije 
(see below). It is blue-bellied and gray-backed. 

fso_-yde_-, a lizard of bluish color, a little longer than the tse'dhqwiy. 

fse-daqwiy, a species of small, inconspicuous lizard. The descrip- 
tion reminds one of the swift. The first syllable of the name seems 
to be tse', 'face.' 

Ts%-qwije, 'white stripes' (&%', white; qwije, stripe). This lizard 
has white stripes down its back. 

i Yarrow, H. C , Check-List, op. cit., p. 69. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 417. 

2 Yarrow, n. C, Report, op. cit., p. 579; Check-List, op. cit., p. 66. 

s Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 436. 

« Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, op. cit., p. 64. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 439. 

6 Yarrow, Check-List, op. cit., p. 44. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 574. 

6 Yarrow, II. C, Report, op. cit., p. 558. 

1 Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 558; Check-List, op. cit., p. 43. Cope, E. P., op. cit., p. 597. 



50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Kajimqr) (<Span. calliman). 
Alligator. 
One of these animals was exhibited in a pool-room at Santa Fe. 

SNAKES 



Heterodon nasicus nasicus (Baird & Girard). Western Hog- 
nosed Snake. 
Recorded at Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and Abiquiu by Yarrow, 1 
and at Santa Fe by Cope. 2 



Zamenis constrictor flaviventris (Say). Bine Racer, Green Racer. 
Recorded from Tierra Amarilla by Yarrow under the name Z. c. 
vetustum, in his report, and under the name flaviventris in his Check- 
List. Cope records a young specimen which is probably the same. 3 
Several snakes were seen at El Rito de los Frijoles early in August, 
1910, which were probably this species, but they escaped and none 
was seen afterward except a young specimen taken August 25, 
beautifully marked, very much like the bull snake, quite unlike the 
adult. A San Ildefonso Indian informant called this young specimen 
nq'ypseny,. (See p. 51.) Having no adult specimens we could not 
learn whether they would recognize the young and adult as the same 
kind or designate them by the same name, though the latter is highly 
improbable. 



% 



Pityophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel) . Bull Snake. 
It is probably this species which was recorded as P. sayi mexicanus 
Dum. & Bib., by Yarrow, at San Ildefonso. 4 A bull snake was 
described to us at El Rito de los Frijoles by Judge Abbott in 
August, 1910, but he did not capture it for identification. 



« 



Tliamnophis eques (Reuss). Brown Garter Snake. 
Cope recorded Eutxnia eques aurata Cope from San Ildefonso, 
and E. sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard from the same place. Yarrow 
recorded Eutsenia ornata Baird at Abiquiu and San Ildefonso. These, 
it appears, should all be referred to T. eques, which is recorded from 
San Ildefonso by Ruthven. 5 

• Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 556; Check-List, op. cit., p. 141. 
scope, E. D., op. cit., p. 777. 

3 Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 542; Check-List, op. cit., p. 110. Cope, E. T)., op. cit., p. 797. 

* Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 540. See Ruthven, A. G., in Bull. Amtr. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxni 
pp. 581-86, 1907. 

& Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 554; Check-List, op. cit, p. L22. Cope. E. D., op. cit., p. 1077. 
Ruthven, A. G., Variations and Genetic Relationships of the (iarter-Snakes, Bull. 61, U.S. Nat. Mus., 
pp. 158-60, 1908. 



HENDERSON "I ETHNOZOOLOG Y OF THE TEW A INDIANS 51 



HARRINGTON J 



Qw%'ypy, 'tail rattle' (qwse-y, tail; py, rattle). Rattlesnakes of 
any species and also their rattles are called gw&ypy,'. (See 
below.) 
Crotalus sp. Rattlesnake. 
Several species of rattlesnake have been recorded from New Mexico, 
but none from the area under discussion, so far as we are aware. Two 
specimens have been killed at El Rito de los Frijoles within two or 
three years, as we are informed by Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell, 
but they were not specifically identified. The Indians say rattle- 
snakes are common in the Rio Grande Canyon not far from the Rito. 
C. confluentus confluentus (Say) probably occurs in this region, and 
perhaps other species. 

Any species of snake is called pseny. The following kinds are 
known by name : 

Pi' su, 'red arrow' (pi', red; su, arrow). These slender red snakes 
almost fly through the air, according to the natives. 

Tsiypxnu, 'basalt snake' (ts{, basalt rock; pseny, snake). 

Nq'ypseny, 'earth snake' (nd'y, earth; pseny, snake). These are 
brownish. 

Po'p%nu, 'water snake' (po', water; pseny, snake). Any kind of 
water snake may be called thus. 

Poma-qwi'beg.'e (po', water; mar, (?); qwi'tied, tangled, a knot, a 
thicket; beg!e, low place, dell, low corner). What the name means is 
not clear. This is a kind of water snake, possibly a synonym of 
po'pstnu. 

' Usidi, a snake a yard long, "earth-colored." 

Nqr'q-, San Ildefonso dialed nfryda'. A kind of snake longer than 

n4'yp%ny>- 

Pseny pe'ydi H , 'black snake' (pseny, snake; p\'y, black). A dark- 
colored snake species. 

Qw&ypy,', 'tail bell' (qw%'y, tail; py, bell or rattle). This name 
applies to any kind of rattlesnake, and is given above. Py now 
usually means bell of any kind; formerly it referred to anything 
which gave out a note when struck or made a rattling sound. Ex- 
amine: n%'i H pseny nqqivse'ypy my qwse'ydiwe, 'this snake has a rattle 
on its tail' (nse', this; pseny, snake; nq, it; qwse'y, tail; py, bell; 
my, to be, to be provided with; qwse'y, tail; 'iwe, locative); tse'* 
'yfsi-glmy, it has ten rattles' (<#'*, ten; 'y, it, with reference to it; 
fsi'gi, notch, narrow place; my, to be, to be provided with). 

Of snakes one says either nqmse', 'it goes' (nq,, it: mse: , to go), or 
'iqwa'm&y, 'it crawls' ('i, it; qwa'mse'y, to go crawlingly, like a man 
on all fours). 



52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

TURTLES 

Only one name for species of turtle or tortoise was obtained from 
the Tewa — this is 'o'Jcw. 

The 'o'Jcu' is common in the region. These turtles are found 
mostly in meadows. They are killed and the carapaces are cleaned 
and worn by dancers. 

Amphibians (Batrachians) 

The amphibians of the region are not very important. Sala- 
manders are rare, and the lack of water restricts frogs and toads to 
limited areas. Except the frogs, they are of no food value. None 
of them is poisonous, though it seems that the whites generally look 
upon the spotted salamander with fear. Having no specimens we 
could not determine whether the Indians had the same dread. 



Ambystoma tigrinum (Green). Tiger Salamander. 
Reported at Santa Fe Creek, under the name Ambystoma mavortium 
Baird, by Yarrow, 1 and by Cope 2 under the name tigrinum. Amby- 
stoma trisruptum Cope was credited to Santa Fe by Yarrow, 3 but 
Cope 4 says the only known specimen is from Ocate Creek, east of the 
mountains in northern New Mexico, and hence not in the Rio Grande 
drain aire. 



Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope(?). 
We found a small salamander rather common under aspen logs 
near Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains. Specimens badly 
injured in transit were doubtfully identified as this species by Dr. 
Leonhard Stejneger. The Indians to whom it was shown were not 
familiar with it and had no name for it. 



Bufo leiUiginosus woodhousei (Girard). Rocky Mountain Toad. 
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei was reported at Santa Fe and Plaza 
del Alcalde in 1874, by Yarrow, 5 who remarked that it was "appa- 
rently numerous in New Mexico." In his Check-List 6 he gives the 
Plaza del Alcalde record under the name americanus, does not recog- 
nize woodhousei as a distinct form, and omits the Santa Fe record. 

i Yarrow, H. C, Check-List of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in 
U. S. National Museum, Bull. U, U. S. Nat. Museum, p. 149, 1882. 

« ('one, E. D., The Batrachia of North America, Bull. Si, U. S. Na!. Museum, \>. 85, 1889. 

3 Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 150. 

* Cope, op. cit., p. 86. 

6 Yarrow, H. C, Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles Made in Portions of Nevada, 
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1S72, 1873, and 1874, U. S. 
Oeog. Eiplor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., v, p. 521, 1875. 

» Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, etc., op. cit., p. 166. 



IIauu.'nkton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 53 

Cope ' recognizes woodhousei and records it from other localities in 
New Mexico, but not from these two places or from anywhere in our 
area, and preserves Yarrow's ameri'canus record at Plaza del Alcalde. 
Miss Dickerson 2 raises americanus to a full species, and says it "is the 
common toad east of the Rocky Mountains from Mexico to the Great 
Bear Lake," while she leaves woodhousei as a subspecies of lentiginosus 
and says it is "the common toad of the Rocky Mountain region," 
having been reported from a number of States, including New 
Mexico. Ruth ven 3 says it is the "common toad of the Great Plains 
and Great Basin region." 

Our San Ildefonso Indian informants reported "two kinds of 
frogs" in the region of the Rito de los Frijoles, one of which is found 
in the water, the other being larger and flatter and is found "jump- 
ing " about on land. Probably the latter is a toad. As Bufo cognatus 
Say is reported from Colorado, Kansas, and Arizona, it may extend 
across New Mexico, or at least be found in the northern portion. 

2 . 

Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog. 
Frogs were recorded at Taos, Abiquiu, and Santa Fe under the 
name Rana halecina berlandieri (Kami) Cope, and at Taos under the 
name Rana halecina halecina (Kami) Cope, by Yarrow. 4 Cope after- 
ward transferred these records to Rana virescens hrachycephala Cope. 5 
Miss Dickerson 6 says virescens is Schreber 's pipiens, which she is 
unable to separate into subspecies. Further study of this variable 
frog, based on large quantities of fresh material from widely sepa- 
rated and numerous localities, is desirable. We saw several frogs 
at El Rito de los Frijoles, but unfortunately obtained none. (See 
note on Rocky Mountain toad, page 52.) 

SALAMANDERS, FROGS, TOADS 

The Tewa appear to have but one name for all species of sala- 
manders, and but one name for all species of frogs and toads. 

Po'qwse,' means salamander. The first syllable is clearly the word 
meaning 'water.' 

P'e_ m ykwqn is applied to frogs and toads. Tadpoles are called 
p'fykufcede in the San Juan dialect, and either po'safcede or p'e-ypw- 
kede in the San Ildefonso dialect. The etymology of these words is 
not clear. It was thought by one informant that the tadpole's tail 
drops off. 

i Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 281-88. 

2 Dickerson, Mary C, The Frog Book, pp. 63, 91-92, New York, 1906. 

s Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
Bull.Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXm, p. 509, 1907, 
« Yarrow, H. C, Cheek-List. op. cit.. p. 181, 
s Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 403-0-1. 
e Dickerson, Mary C, op. cit., p. 171, 



54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Fishes 

"Most of the lateral canyons of the region are dry or nearly dry 
through most of the year, and hence contain no fishes. The Rio 
Grande is known to contain fishes in some portions of its course. 

The Rito de los Frijoles is at present a small stream, the waters of 
which in places sink entirely beneath the surface of the sand, leaving 
not even pools, and the water all along becomes very shallow at 
times. Limited observations make final conclusions unsafe, but 
so far as they go they seem to indicate that the water flowing in the 
creek is dependent largely on precipitation hi the mountains at the 
head of the canyon. When frequent rains were occurring in the 
lower part of the valley the stream reached its lowest point, but 
during an exceedingly dry period at our camp, when it was raining 
daily in the mountains the stream kept an even flow. The absence of 
deep pools in which fish could survive an extended drouth seems 
sufficient to account for their absence. In the glaciated mountains 
farther north, the absence of fish is usually noted in streams whose 
courses present cataracts too high for the fishes to pass over in their 
upstream progression after the retreat of the glaciers. Two vertical 
falls near the mouth of this canyon, one of 60 feet, the other of 90 feet, 
would effectually block the attempts of fish to pass upstream from 
the Rio Grande. Hence any fish which may have existed in recent 
times must have been there before the falls were formed or have 
been introduced in some unusual way. The transportation of eggs 
attached to the feet of birds for the short distance over the falls 
would not be at all impossible, though such a method of dispersion 
is not so likely to occur as in case of fresh-water mollusks, etc. It is 
also possible that fish may at one time have been placed in this 
creek by former inhabitants, either the ancient dwellers who built 
the abandoned structures or by the Mexican outlaws who made the 
canyon their rendezvous for a century or so. At any rate, trout were 
found in the stream from 20 to 30 years ago, according to information 
gleaned from several sources. Bandelier, in The Delight Makers, 
causes one of the native boys who lived in the canyon during its 
early occupancy, to catch a trout. This would scarcely be con- 
clusive if it were not that in his formal report he refers to the stream 
as a "gushing brook, enlivened by trout." 1 Dr. Charles F. Lummis, 
of Los Angeles, says he caught trout from the stream in 1891, and 
that there were certainly many pools then which do not exist now. 
Judge Abbott says he has heard the same from another visitor to the 
canyon a quarter of a century ago. 

« Bandelier, A. F., The Delight Makers, New York, 1890, p._ 5. Final Report of Investigations Among 
the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part II, 
Papers of the Archxologkal Institute of America, American Series, iv, p. 139, 1892. 



Henderson T ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 55 

HARRINGTONj j_, j. -lj. -li w w 

The present absence of trout has been locally attributed to a heavy 
flood which is said to have washed them away. There is evidence 
along the bottom-lands that such a flood did occur, but that it 
washed the trout out is highly improbable. It seems much more 
probable that it may have filled the pools that once made it possible 
for trout to survive protracted dry seasons, though it is not impossible 
that the filling is due to the fact that the desiccation of the country 
has at last reached a point where the stream is not able to take care 
of the debris arising from lateral erosion of the valley. It is not at 
all improbable that the creek may have completely dried up during 
some particularly dry cycle within the last 20 years. In any event 
we must believe that there were trout a quarter of a century ago, 
and so we have no reason to doubt that they existed during the 
occupancy of the valley by the ancient inhabitants, though that is 
not a necessary conclusion. Of course we have no definite evidence 
as to the species, but it was almost certainly the Rio Grande Basin 
trout (Salmo mykiss spilurus Cope). 

Cope * says he saw Gila pandora Cope ( = Richardsonius pulchellus 
pandora Cope — Cockerell) in the creek below Ojo Caliente. Cope and 
Yarrow 2 reported the following species from nearby Rio Grande 
drainage localities, to which species we have applied probable modern 
nomenclature, placing in parentheses the names under which they 
were reported: 

Pantosteus plebeius Baird & Girard (P. jarrovii Cope). Sucker. 

Taos, San Ildefonso, and Tierra Amarilla. 
Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. Silvery Minnow. San Ildefonso. 
Richardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) (Gila pandora) . North- 
ern Rio Grande Dace. Near San Ildefonso. 
Notropis simus Cope (Alburnellus simus). Rio Grande Shiner. 

San Ildefonso. 
Notropis dilectus Girard (Alburnellus jemezanus Cope). San 

Ildefonso. 
Notropis lutrensis Baird and Girard (Hi/psilepis iris Cope). San 
Ildefonso. 

1 Cope, E. D., Report upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expe- 
dition of 1874, Geog. Surv. W. of 100th Mend. (Wheeler Survey), iv, pt. n, p. 21. See also ^1 7m. Rcpi.for 1875, 
p. 66, 1875. 

2 Cope, E. D., and Yarrow, H. C, Report upon the Collections of Fishes Made in Portions of Nevada, 
Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1S74, Geog. 
Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 635-703, 1875. See also Cockerell, T. D. A., The Nomen- 
clature of the American Fishes Usually Called Leueiscus and Rutilus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxn, pp. 
215-17, 1909; The Fishes of the Rocky Mountain Region, Univ. Colo. Studies, v, pp. 159-178, 1908; Jordan, 
David Starr, and E vermann, Barton Warren, The Fishes of North and Middle America, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. 
Mux., 4 vols., 1896-1900. 

69231°— Bull. 56—14 5 



56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Rhinichthys cataractse dulcis Girard (R. maxillosus Cope). Sweet- 
water Daee. Tierra Amarilla, Abiquiu, San Ildefonso, and 
Taos. 
Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) (Oeratichthys sterlelus Cope) . Horny- 
head. San Ildefonso. 
Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) (A. tyrannus Girard). Fresh-water 
Eel. Near Santa Fe. 

They also report Salmo pleuriticus Cope from Rio Taos, Chama 
River, and near San Ildefonso, but as this species seems to be con- 
fined to the Colorado River basin the record is probably a mistake. 
There are perhaps other fishes existing in the Rio Grande drainage 
of northern New Mexico, but we have found no record of them. 
The species are mostly small and of little food value. There are 
rumors of catfish, but no definite record. 

The Tewa have the following names for species of fish : 

Piypa", 'mountain fish' (pi'y, mountain; pa', fish). This name 
seems to be applied to any species of trout. 

Pa'tsi'jo', 'knife fish' (pa', fish; tsi'jo', knife). This fish lives in 
the Rio Grande. It has a knife-like back, and there is also a knife- 
like projection at each side of its lower jaw. It reaches a length 
exceeding a foot. 

Pa'wa'p*a', 'flat-chested fish' (pa', fish; wa', chest, breast; p'a-, 
flat and roundish). This fish lives in the Rio Grande and attains 
a length of 2 feet or more. Its underside is flat. 

Tsewlge. This fish lives in the Rio Grande. White men in talking 
to our informants had called this fish a "sucker." 

Pa'ty,yw%', 'tall fish' (pa', fish; ty,yw&, tall). This fish lives in the 
Rio Grande. The Mexicans call it boquinete. 

Pa-'e', 'little fish' (pa', fish; V, diminutive). This term is applied 
to any small fish, especially to minnows and the like; also to the 
young of larger varieties of fish, which often can not be recognized as 
they can when more mature. 

Pa-'oavri', 'phlegm fish' (pa', fish; 'oqwi', mucus from the trachea, 
bronchial tubes, or lungs, such as is coughed up) . This name is applied 
to any species of eel. The skin of the pa'' oqwi' is highly prized and 
is used among other purposes for leggings and moccasins. The fish 
lives in the Rio Grande. 

It is said that the kinds of fish which live in the Rio Grande would 
probably also be found in the Rio Chama. 

Insects 

Notwithstanding their average small size, when compared with 
vertebrates, insects are very important from the point of view of 
natural history. Their interesting habits, their economic relations 



HENDERSON 
HAKRIXGTO 



r x ] ETHN0Z00L0UY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 57 



to other animals, and the exceedingly large number of known species 
give them zoological prominence. Their relations to the pollenization 
of plants and their destructiveness to vegetation give them both 
botanical and economic importance. Their relation to the spread of 
disease and the annoying habits of some of them have a direct bearing 
on the comfort and happiness of the human race. 

From the ethnological point of view the position of insects is a 
minor one. They have little importance as food, except the grass- 
hoppers, etc., during seasons of abundance. Among native peoples 
of the lower Colorado Valley insects have acquired considerable relig- 
ious and mythical significance, especially the ants, but this does not 
require a knowledge of many species or a very minute discrimination 
between species. Among the Pueblos they have no such significance. 
A great number of insect species have been recorded from the Jemez 
Plateau and Santa Fe. There are doubtless hundreds of others unre- 
corded, including many now undescribcd and unknown to science. 
As most of the smaller species are distinguished from one another by 
characters which may be studied only with a good lens or a micro- 
scope, it is obvious that in most cases the Indians can not distin- 
guish the species or even the genera. However, the larger and more 
conspicuously marked species are likely given definite native names. 
It would be an interesting contribution to the psychology of the 
Indians for someone with sufficient entomological training to investi- 
gate their knowledge of and ideas concerning the insects and the 
extent and accuracy of then discrimination, including the habits of 
insects and their relations to plants. 

Time did not permit us to enter into this field except in an incidental 
way in connection with the ethnobotanical work. Our collections 
of insects were accidentally almost wholly destroyed in transit, with- 
out having been determined or recorded, so that we can not even 
give an account of the species found. We found many species of 
beetles, ants, bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, flies, and other insects. 

It does not seem important in this report to list the species of 
insects recorded from the region by Ashmead, Banks, Cockerell, 
Coquillett, Dunning, Fall, Fox, Gillette, Hagen, Holland, Howard, 
Hulst, Mead, Seudder, Thomas, Townsend, Uhler, Ulke, and Wheeler. 
More than 30 of Prof. Cockerell's papers report species from this 
region. Ulke has recorded 56 species of Coleoptera (beetles), and 
Uhler has recorded 34 species of Hemiptera (plant-lice, scale insects, 
true bugs, etc.) from San Ildefonso, Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and 
Tierra Amarilla. Hagen recorded three species of Neuroptera from 
San Ildefonso, Tierra Amarilla, and Taos. Most of the other records 
are from Santa Fe. 

Work along this line could be easily done by persons with very 
limited knowledge of entomology. They could collect the insects 



58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

and preserve them, number the labels, obtain the ethnological data, 
preserving the connections by referring to the label numbers, and tjie 
specimens could then be determined accurately by specialists. 

That many of the western Indians did not formerly disdain insects 
as a part of their diet is well known. Hoffman's comments 1 are of 
interest in this connection: 

Some of the tribes will adhere to the most disgusting varieties of food. . . . Some 
of the Shoshonees obtain some food from the settlements, but subsist chiefly upon what 
game and fish they can secure in addition to lizards, grasshoppers, etc. . . . 
Their mode of preparing grasshoppers is in this wise: A fire is built covering an area 
of from 20 to 30 feet square, and as the material is consumed to coals and ashes all the 
Indians start out and form an extensive circle, driving the grasshoppers with blankets 
or bunches of brush toward the center, where they are scorched or disabled, when 
they are collected, dried, and ground into meal. With the addition of a small quan- 
tity of water this is worked and kneaded into dough, formed into small cakes, and 
baked in the sand under a fire. . . . The Pah-Utes in the southwestern portion 
of Nevada, and even across the line into California, consume the larvae of flies found 
upon the borders of some '"alkali lakes." The organic matter washed ashore is soon 
covered with flies, where they deposit their eggs; there being not sufficient nourish- 
ment for all the worms, some die, when more eggs are deposited, and so on ad infinitum, 
until there is a belt of swarming, writhing worms from 2 to 4 feet broad and from an 
inch to 3 inches in depth. ... At such localities the Indians congregate, scoop 
up and pack all that can be transported for present and future use. When thoroughly 
dried, it is ground into meal, and prepared and eaten as by the Shoshonees. 

Where conditions of life are as hard as in many parts of the South- 
west, it would be surprising indeed if, during times of special scarcity 
of food, all the Indians inhabiting the region have not been forced 
to rely on food which ordinarily they did not use; yet from the fact 
that Indians of various tribes have frequently been known to show a 
preference for raw entrails of large game animals and seem really 
fond of meat that has become somewhat tainted, one can not always 
feel certain that the use as food of things which are revolting to other 
people may not be due to choice. 

The following Tewa names of kinds of insects were obtained: 

Kun% refers to any kind of ant. Color- or size-denoting adjec- 
tives are often added. An anthill is called kunsete-bidl (kufieti, ant; 
te', house; bi'dl, mound of small size; cf. bo\ie, large mound). The 
Jemez however, have two names for ant species: 'amy, and iva'&ym. 

Hodge gives as Ant clans at various pueblos : Nambe, Ku^yl-tdoa; 
Pecos, Amu'+; Acoma, Sii-hanoq ch ; Sia, Sii-hdno; San Felipe, 
Sii-hdno. 

PseVada, bumblebee. These insects make honey. They are 
ground up and put into a dog's food in order to make him a good 
hunter, according to a San Ildefonso informant. 

i Hodman, W. J., Miscellaneous Ethnographic Observations on Indians Inhabiting Nevada. California, 
and Arizona, Tenth Ann. Hep. U. S. Oeol. and Geog. Surv. Terr, for 1876 (Hayden Survey), pp. 165 66, 1878. 



?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 59 



HENDERSON' 
HAKR 



For species of wasp, bee, and hornet only two names could be 
obtained. Qwo-uebe' seems to be the honey-bee, while t* awe is some 
kind of wasp. Honey is called qivo-debe-'qpo- , 'bee sweet water' 
(qwo'uebe', bee; 'q, sweet, sweetness; po- , water). 

Cushing tells how honey was obtained by Zuni girls from a kind of 
burrowing hornet. 1 

In the Zuni country there is a kind of burrowing hornet (or carpenter bee) which 
drills into adobe or mud walls and there deposits its honey. On any fine day in late 
summer one may see little groups of girls hunting the holes of these hornets along the 
garden walls. Whenever they find a number of them they provide themselves with 
gourds of water which they dash against the adobe or spurt into the holes through 
straws. The hornets, disabled by drenching, soon crawl forth and are easily killed 
or driven away, after which the girls, with little wooden or bone picks, dig out the 
honey. 

Various species of butterfly are called at San Juan poganini, at San 
Ildefonso polamimi. The latter word is peculiar in that, so far as 
we know, it is the only native Tewa word which contains the sound 
of I. No word meaning "moth" could be obtained. The Isleta call 
butterfly paifireue. 

The introduced house-fly and many insects of similar appearance 
are called p*y,ny,. A bluish fly species was distinguished as py,nu 
tsq-tjwse-'i H , 'blue fly' (p'yny,, fly; tsq-yw&, blue, green). Other 
Tanoan languages show cognate forms: Taos, p'unuend; Isleta, 
p'unuude; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary), u a-fu-ya-e, fly"; Jemez, 
Fwijd. 

Species of firefly are called tsik'owa and p"a'p"y,ny,, 'fire fly' (p'a', 
fire; p*y,ny,, fly). 

Dragon-flies are called pO'4y,y4y,y (po', water; uy,y, to buzz like a 
bullroarer). Cushing tells a Zuni myth of the origin of the dragon- 
fly. 2 

1 fWV, 'cricket,' 'locust.' This is the animal which the Mexicans 
call chichara. 

Po'tsue, 'water bird' (po', water; tsiie, bird), is not a bird, but an 
insect. It resembles po'dy/gdy/Q in its habit of hovering over water. 

K'qw\hj is a species of grasshopper or locust. Another species 
is distinguished as Tc ' qw\hj 'q'wVi 1 , 'brown grasshopper' (k'qwi'iij, 
grasshopper or locust species; 'a', brown). 

Black-headed head lice are called p K e\ Body lice are known as 
fuwa, while bedbugs, which are still more numerous, are called fi'i. 
All three terms might be carelessly applied to "lice" on plants, 
wood, or garbage. Notice that a small species of land snail is called 
p'u'p'e', 'rabbit-brush louse' (p'u', rabbit-brush; pV ; head louse); see 
page 65. 

1 dishing, F. H., Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, x, no. 3, March, 1885, p. 42, note. 

2 Ibid., pp. 35-38. 



60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 56 

Mosquitoes are known as fugfl or fuyo'e- (fugo, mosquito; V, 
diminutive). Cf. Taos qwitolaand; Isleta tanJcinaue; Piro (Bartlett's 
vocabulary) " quen-lo-a-tu-ya-e" ; Jemez PdhdFwijd. 

The inch-long ill-smelling black beetle of the Tewa country is 
called j>'i<j<ipirsq)jde ,e (pega, to stink acridly; pw, base, buttocks, 
anus; say, f; de' e , ). 

Po'twwe (po', squash, pumpkin; ta' } dry ?; we, ?) are the same 

as po'p'e , 'squash lice' (po', squash, pumpkin; p'e', head louse). The 
names refer to a kind of brown jumping bug seen on squash and 
pumpkin vines. 

Worms of the most diverse kinds — maggots, larvae, caterpillars, and 
almost any worm-like animals — are called pubse' . A hairy, fuzzy cater- 
pillar is spoken of as piCbse,' p'oi H , 'hairy worm' (pvfjse', worm; p'o, 
hairy, hair). The larvae seen so plenteously at times on willow leaves 
are called jq'ypufise', 'willow worms' (jq'y, willow; puftse" , worm). 
Sa'pubse', 'manure worms' (sit', manure; pubx', worm) are the 
larvae seen in manure; tape-worms, pin-worms, and other worms 
infesting the intestines are also called thus. 

Angle-worms have a special name: na'ysi' {nq'y, earth; si", unex- 
plained). 

Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Arachnids 

Tse'hr, 'spruce brownness' (ise' } Douglas spruce: h}\ buff-brown 
color, said to be so called because they are hairy like spruce trees, 
and brown) is applied to any kind of centipede, millipede, or myria- 
pod. Many kinds are common. It is said that one bitten by a 
fse'M' will live as many years as the animal has legs, which is usually 
a considerable number. The legs are called &V, 'arms,' as are also 
the legs of a spider. 

Scorpions are very scarce. In the summer of 1911 Mr. K. A. 
Fleischer found one about half an inch long in the Rito de los Frijoles 
Canyon. The Tewa who have been asked do not know the name of 
this animal. 

Any kind of spider is called '(j'wgr. The second syllable of the 
word sounds just like w%', 'tooth,' and gives the name an ugly sound 
to Tewa ears. A spider web is called 'q'wse'p'f, 'spider trap' (\j' >rse\ 
spider; p l e', trap, snare). Tarantulas also are called 'q'w%', but the 
proper name is lee'lwpuj^, 'bear back deerskin' (ke', bear, any species j 
tw, back, spinal column; puje, dressed skin of deer, elk, etc.). They 
are quite common. Their holes are called pV, 'hole.' An old Indian 
who is usually very correct in his identifications called a green dip- 
terous insect taken from a Populus angustifolia tree 'q'wse' tsq"t)wse, r i H , 
'blue or green spider' ('4'w%', spider; tsq"QW%', blue, green). 



HE.N'DEK 
HARRI 



ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 61 

MOLLUSKS 1 

The native Mollusca do not enter to any extent into the culture of 
the Indians of this region at the present time, and probably the same 
is true with reference to the former inhabitants. It is not unusual 
to find marine shells in the ruins, especially Olivella. They were 
probably obtained by barter with the peoples living to the south- 
westward. At El Rito de los Frijoles a few specimens of Olivella 
biplicata Sowerby and one of Erato vitellina Hinds were found. They 
doubtless were brought from southern California or from Lower Cali- 
fornia. None of the native land or fresh-water shells of the region 
have been found in the ruins, which is not surprising. Ashmunella , 
Oreohelix, Physa, and Lym-nsea are the only species large enough to 
be particularly noticed, and they do not exceed three-fourths of an 
inch in greatest diameter. This, it is true, is as large as the marine 
shells commonly found in the ruins, but the land shells do not appear 
to have become articles of barter, perhaps because they occur through- 
out the region and are therefore obtainable nearly everywhere and 
further because they are rather fragile. 

The shells of mollusks have been used as a medium of exchange 
and as ornaments, amulets, and ceremonial objects by primitive 
peoples everywhere. They have been used very extensively by the 
Indian tribes of the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions in North 
America and by them introduced into the interior. 2 Strings of beads 
made from the common Olivella biplicata of the Pacific coast, worn 
about the neck as ornaments and used in barter, found their way into 
Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado, and Stearns 3 
tells us that in New Mexico Dr. Edward Palmer was "witness to a 
trade wherein the consideration for a horse was a California abalone 
shell." 

Bracelets of Glycimeris from the Gulf of California have found their 
way as far north and east at least as northeastern Arizona, where 
they are reported, together with Turritella tigrina, Conus, and 
Olivella, by Hough, who says 4 they are found mostly in the pueblo 
ruins situated in mountain passes, probably along routes of primitive 
travel. 

1 Henderson, Junius, Mollusca from Northern New Mexico, The Nautilus, xxvi, pp. 80-81, 1912. 

2 Holmes, William II., Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans, Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn.Jor 
1880-81 ,pp. 179-305, 1883; Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, Examined During the 
Summers of 1875 and 1876, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Terr, for 1876 (Hayden Survey), p. 
407,1878. Stearns, Robert E. C, Ethno-Conchology— A Study of Primitive Money, Ann. Rep. U. 8. 
Nat. Museum for 1887, pp. 297-334, 1889. Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, Oontr. X. Amer. Ethn., 
m,pp. 335-38, 1877. 

3 Stearns, R. E. C, op. cit., p. 329. 

4 Hough, Walter, Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedition 
of 1901, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1901, p. 295, 1903 (see also pp. 300, 305, 338, 344). 



62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

Fewkes 1 mentions West Coast marine shell ornaments in Arizona, 
made from Pectunculus [Glydmeris] sp., Conus fergusoni, C. princeps, 
C. regvlaris, Turritella sp., Haliotis sp., Strombus sp., Cardium sp., 
Melongena patula, Oliva angulata, and Oliva [Olivella] biplicata or 
hiatula, many of the species having also found their way into New 
Mexico. He says (p. 88): 

It is well known that there was a considerable trade in early times in these shells, 
and long trips were taken by the Pueblo Indians for trade purposes. 

The intercourse of northern and southern peoples of Arizona through trading expe- 
ditions continued to quite recent times, but judging from the number of specimens 
which were found in the ruins it must have been considerably greater in prehistoric 
times than it is at present. In fact, much of the decline in this traffic is probably 
to be traced to the modification of the southern Arizonian aborigines and the intro- 
duction of new ornaments by the whites. 

From the ruins near Winslow, Arizona, the following species of 
Pacific coast marine shells have been reported by Fewkes: 2 Pectuncu- 
lus giganteus Reeve, Melongena patula Rod. & Sow., Stromhus 
gahatus Wood, Conus fergusoni Sow., Cardium elatum Sow., Oliva 
angulata Lam., Oliva Jiiatula Gmelin, Oliva biplicata Sew., Turritella 
tigrina Keiner. 

Our San Ildefonso Indian informants had a distinct name for 
Aslimunella, which is common along El Rito de los Frijoles, in the 
Jemez Mountains, and probably in favorable localities throughout 
the region. They did not know Oreohelix, three specimens of which 
were obtained in the Jemez Mountains. Pupilla, although only 3 
millimeters in height and 1.5 millimeter in width, received a special 
name, being distinguished from the more flatly spired shells by its 
high spire and cylindrical form. The natter shells of small size 
(YaUonia, Zonitoides, etc.) were grouped under another name, with- 
out distinguishing species. One of the Indian boys, who had never 
noticed the snails before, was shown several species under some logs. 
He began a search and soon found a Cochlicopa, which differs markedly 
from the species that had been shown to him, and he at once recog- 
nized it as another kind of snail, but our informants had no distinrt 
name for it. 

The mollusks of the region have no apparent economic value. 
Conditions are not favorable in the Rio Grande Valley of northern 
New Mexico for the larger clams, which would have a food value, and 
none have been found. 

There appear to be no published records of bivalve mollusks 
(JPekeypoda) Tor the region. Calyculina and Pisidium have been 
found in the Rio Grande drainage in Colorado, and the latter, if not 
the former, probably occurs in our area in New Mexico, wherever 

' Fewkes, J.W., Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bvr. Anur. Ellin., 
part I, pp. 88-93, 187, 1904. 

I FewkSS, I.W., Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Kuins Near Winslow, Arizona, 
in l.vjti, Smithsonian Rep. for 1896, pp. 529, 530, 535, 530, 1898. 



Hu^fxr S To N vl ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 63 



HAKKINGTONj 



there are perennial streams. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has a manu- 
script list of New Mexico shells prepared by Rev. E. H. Ashmun, 
in which Pisidium is listed from Santa Fe. In El Rito de los Frijoles 
no aquatic shells were found, either bivalve or univalve. Indeed, 
the scarcity of aquatic animal life, except water beetles and "water 
boatmen," may indicate that the water does not always flow in that 
rivulet in very dry seasons. The only record of an aquatic mollusk 
of any kind yet published is Physa, though Lymnsea palustris Muller 
from Taos, and L. desidiosa Say (probably L. obrussa Say) and 
Planorbis parvus Say, both from Santa Fe, are included in Ashmun's 
list, 

Land snails are usually to be found along the bottom lands, in the 
canyons, and throughout the mountains, under cottonwood and 
aspen logs, not often among conifers. As the species are mostly tiny, 
some of them smaller than an ordinary pin head, and most of them 
much less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, it requires close 
inspection to discover them. They may be packed with a little moss 
or some green leaves and shipped alive to conchologists for identifi- 
cation. 



Ashmunella thomsoniana Ancey. 
This species is recorded from Santa Fe Canyon and the Pecos 
Valley by Pilsbry, 1 the localities being all east of the Rio Grande. 
Two subspecies are credited to the Pecos drainage in New Mexico. 
Other species are recorded from south of our area. 

P'e'oie'e-, 'little wood shell' (p'e, stick, wood; 'ofte, shell; V, 
diminutive). 

Ashmunella ashmuni Dall. 
The type locality of this species is Bland, not far from El Rito de 
los Frijoles. 2 The species is very abundant at several localities along 
the Rito de los Frijoles. Five immature specimens from near the top 
of the Jemez Mountains at Valle Grande, and four from about half- 
way to the base of the mountains, may be referable to this form, 
though probably belonging to the next. It is likely that the San Ilde- 
fonso Indian name given to this form would be applied to the other 
AshmuneHa species, as they are so much alike that they would be sep- 
arated only by a skilled conchologist looking for slight differences. 

? 

Ashmunella ashmuni robusta Pilsbry. 
This subspecies is somewhat larger than the preceding, and was 
described as from the "Jemez Mountains near Bland, N. Mex., at 
higher elevations than A. ashmuni.' '' 3 

1 Pilsbry, Henry A., Mollusca of the Southwestern States, I: Crocoptid.e; Helicida? of Arizona ami New 
Mexico, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., lvii, p. 235, 1905. 

2 Dall, William H., Report on the Mollusks Collected by the International Boundary Commission of the 
United States and Mexico, Prnc. U. S.Nat. Museum, xix, p. 342, 1897. Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233. 

5 Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233. 



64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 5t> 

Ashmunella townsendi Bartsch. 
Described from Ruidoso, Lincoln County, New Mexico. 1 

? 

Oreohdix strigosa depressa Ckll. 
Three weathered specimens which appear to belong to some form 
of 0. strigosa Gould were found in the Jemez Mountains near Valle 
Grande. Our Indian informants were not familiar with them and 
had no name for them, but did not confuse them with Ashmunella. 
Ashmun's list, hereinbefore mentioned, includes Oreohelix concen- 
trata Dall, from near Bland, at an altitude of 10,000 feet. 

% 



Pwpilla muscorum Linne. 
We found a single specimen at El Rito de los Frijoles. 

Pwpilla blandi Morse. 
Abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles and in the Jemez Mountains 
near Valle Grande. 



Bifidaria. pellucida parvidens Sterki. 
We found one in a canyon half-way to the top of Jemez Mountains, 
near Valle Grande. 



Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Vanatta. 
The type locality is Bland, New Mexico. 2 

? 

Vertigo concinnula Cockerell. 
We found two specimens of this species in the Jemez Mountains, 
near VtiUe Grande. It was recorded from these mountains by Pilsbry 
and Vanatta also. 3 

? 

OocMicopa lubrica Miillcr. 
Common at El Rito de Ins Frijoles. 



Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 
Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant 
in the canyon at El Rito de los Frijoles. 

1 Bartsch in Smithson. Afisc. Coll., xlvii, pp. 13-14, 1904. 

i Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanalta, Edward Q., A Partial Revision of the Pupa; of the United States, 
Ptoc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. for 1900. p. 604. 
1 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., op. cit., pp. 599-000. 



Henderson 1 tcTHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 65 

hakiuxgtonJ 



Vitrina aUiskana Dall. 
We found three small dead specimens in the Jemez Mountains, near 
Valle Grande, and four at El Rito de los Frijoles. 



Euconulus trocUformis alaskensis Pilsbry. 
Common at El Rito de los Frijoles, and one specimen found in the 
Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande. 



Zonitoides arbor eus Say. 
Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant 
at El Rito de los Frijoles. 



Pyramidula shimeki cocker elli Pilsbry. 
At El Rito de los Frijoles only two specimens were found at the 
ancient pueblo, while about two miles up the canyon from the pueblo 
the species was abundantly represented. 



1 



Succinea avara Say. 
Only one specimen found at El Rito de los Frijoles. We dare 
suspect that Yarrow's record of S. streichiana Bland at Tierra 
Amarilla * may refer to this species. 



Physa sp. 

Yarrow 2 recorded P. ancillaria Say from San Ildefonso, P. traski% 
Lea from Santa Fe, ?P. D'Orbigniana Lea and P. warreniana Lea 
from Abiquiu, and P. altonensis from Pescado. It is likely that these 
identifications are partly or wholly wrong, but evidently one or more 
species of Physa occur in the region. 

Yarrow's record of Pyramidula perspectiva Say at San Ildefonso 3 
is probably something else, possibly P. cronkhitei anthonyi. 

Fu-pe-, 'rabbit-brush louse' (pV , rabbit-brush; p'e', head louse). 
Pupilla sp. 

The species were consistently called thus whether found on rabbit- 
brush bushes or elsewhere. (See p. 59.) 

We have attempted to record all the Tewa names for species of 
Mollusca or then shells, and with this intent we have spent consider- 
able time examining collections of shells with a number of Indians. 

i Yarrow H C Report upon the Collections of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca Made in Portions of 
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor.& 
Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, p. 936, 1875. 

2 Ibid., pp. 939, 940, 941. 

3 Ibid., p. 932. 



66 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

The Tewa were familar with mollusks living in their own country, 
and also with shells of mollusks obtained from other tribes and used 
for ceremonial or other purposes. 

The general name for fresh-water snails is 'obe, a word applied also 
to some kinds of marine mollusks and their shells. (See below.) 

Slugs are called pubse', a name which is applied to any wormlike 
animal. (See under the discussion of insects, page 60.) 

Only the shells of marine mollusks are known, although our inform- 
ants had quite a correct idea of what the living animals are like. 

The following terms referring to shells were recorded: 'obe pv'i H , 
'red shell' ('obe, shell; pi', red); 'obe t%giydi H , 'flat shell' ('obe, shell; 
tig_iy, flat and roundish); 'obemapi'i' 1 , 'spiral shell' ('obe, shell; mapi, 
spiral, twisted); 'obe lca''i H , 'thick shell' ('obe, shell; lea,-, thick); 
'obe lco''i H , 'rough shell' ('obe, shell; &<r, rough); 'obe pa''i H ; 'rough 
shell with surface cracked' ('cite, shell; pa', cracked, chapped); 
'obe yw%''i H , 'spiny shell' ('obe, shell; ywse,', spiny, spine; spiky, 
spike, thorny, thorn). To pectens the term 'obe hege wig£wige'i H , 
'shell wavy with little grooves' ('obe, shell; liege, arroyito, rivulet, 
groove ; wigewige, wavy, undulating, sinuous) is applied. To pectens 
and also to other bivalves with undulating edge the term 'dbe pyywse, 
sse'ywi'i' 1 , 'beautiful zigzagged shell' dote, shell; pyrjwse, be&uttful to 
look at; sse'ywi, zigzagged, zigzag) is applied. 

The abalone shell is called 'eji. This is the kind of shell which the 
Salt Old Woman used as a handkerchief, according to a Santa Clara 
myth obtained by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco. The 'eji which she 
had was soft as a handkerchief. A large abalone shell is sometimes 
called 'ejisse'sewe, 'abalone vessel' ('eji, abalone; s&'sewe, bowl-shaped 
vessel) . Abalone shells are frequently referred to with accompanying 
color-denoting adjectives. Thus 'eji ts%''i H , 'white abalone shell' 
{'eji, abalone shell; tsse,', white) ; 'eji tsq'ywx-'i' 1 , 'blue or green abalone 
shell' {'eji, abalone shell; tsq-ywse', blue, green); 'eji fse'tq'qydi' 1 , 
'yellow painted abalone shell' ('eji, abalone shell; fse', yellow: tq'q/j. 
painted). 

A mussel shell and a razor clam shell were also called 'eji, how 
correctly we are not certain. Beads made of abalone shell are 
called 'ejikwa'a, 'abalone beads' ('eji, abalone; Tcwa'a, bead). 

Cowrie shells, coffee shells, and the like, are called 'og.a. Descriptive 
adjectives are often added. The term 'oga is also applied to olivella 
shells, whelk shells, and the like. 

There is some kind of spiral univalve which is called tinini. Inspec- 
tion of large collections of shells with the informants failed to reveal 
what kind of shell this may be. The tinini are described as being 
about an inch long. They are worn by the Kosa or Chifonetes on 



HENDERSON' 
HARRINGTO 



r N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 67 



certain occasions. Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco has seen them, but 
has not identified them. 

A kind of large, thick, flat shell, evidently a bivalve, is called 
tscuamy,. Not even all of the older people at San Ildefonso know 
this shell or its name. Our informants were not sure with regard to 
its color. 

A kind of white, flat shell about 6 inches across is called fsse't' a- , 
'white flat' (tsse', white; t'a~, flat and roundish). The isse't'a' was 
sometimes worn on the breast of Tewa men. It was also cut up and 
made into beads. 

A kind of large spiral univalve from which beads were formerly 
made is called po'tsuny,. 

A sort of shell described as white, cylindrical, 2 inches or more 
long and about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is called fsse'wije. 
These shells, which were highly valued, were strung and worn as 
necklaces. Now only bone imitations of these shells are to be found 
at the Tewa pueblos, but these are also called tsx'wije. The name 
tsse-wije sounds like 'white two' (fs%-, white; wije, two), but this 
makes no sense. 

Hodge gives Kwdtsei-tdoa as a Shell Bead clan of San Ildefonso. 
Kwa'a fs3R ,, i ,i iowa means 'white bead clan' (kwa'a, bead made of 
any substance, not necessarily shell; fs%-, white; iowa, person, 
people). 

The Lower Invertebrates 

Very little is known of the lower forms of invertebrate life of 
northern New Mexico, and from an ethnological point of view such 
forms are mostly unimportant. While some of the pathological Pro- 
tozoa must have had an important bearing on the health of the ancient 
peoples of this region, just as they affect the present population, as 
active agents in the spread of disease, yet such minute objects could 
not have been known to people who had no microscopes. It is not 
likely that any of the other phyla below the Mollusca are well repre- 
sented here, if they occur at all, except the worms and their allies, 
and very little work appears to have been done with respect to them. 
Verrill x reported two unnamed varieties of leech, one at Taos and 
one at San Ildefonso. We collected no specimens and so obtained 
neither Indian names for nor Indian lore concerning them. 

1 Verrill, A. E., Report upon the Collections of Fresh Water Leeches Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, 
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1S72, 1873, and 1S74, U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. 
W. of 100th Merid., Final Report, v, p. 965, 1875. 



68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

CORAL 

Kwpv, 'red stone' (Jew, stone; pi', red). 
Red coral. 

Red coral beads were obtained by the Tewa from tribes living in 
the south. The beads were usually already made and strung when 
the Tewa obtained them. The beads were called either Jcu'pr simply, 
or hi'pi'Jcwa'a, 'red coral beads' (lew , stone; pi', red; Jcwa'a, bead). 
No other kind or color of coral seenfs to have been known to the 
Tewa. 

As Coral clans of various pueblos Hodge gives: San Juan, Kopi n - 
tdoa; Santa Clara, Kupi-toda; San Ildefonso, Kupi n -td6a; Tesuque, 
Kupi n -tdoa; San Felipe, Ydscha-hdno (coral bead). Hodge, quot- 
ing Fewkes, also gives Kopeli-towa as a Pink Conch Shell clan of 
Hano. The Rio Grande Tewa know no such shell. (Can it be for 
Ktcpr ?) 



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70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 

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Note on Lagopus leucurus and Leucosticte australis. The Auk. x.xn, pp. 

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Pueblo environment. Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., lv, pp. 447-454, 1906. 

Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton W. The lishes of North and Middle 

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Langkavel, B. Dogs and savages. Smithsonian Bep. for 1898, pp. 651-675, 1899. 

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Notes on Carpodacus frontalis, (Say) with description of a new species of the 

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Ornithological \ocabulary of the Moki Indians. Amer. Anthr., ix. pp. 

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Merriam, C Hart. Descriptions of twenty-three new pocket gophers of the genus 

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Mitchell, Walton I. The summer birds of San Miguel county, New Mexico. The 

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72 BUBEAU OF AM !'.!;!« AX ETHNOLOGY [bill. 50 

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IXDEX OF ZOOLOGICAL NAMES 



Page 

Aeronautes melanoleucus ( Baird) 39 

Agelaius pka nict usfortis R idgway 41 

in Html is Ridgway 41 

.1 Ibui in II ii x ji mi :a mix Cope 55 

simus 55 

A LLIGATOR 50 

J mbystoma mavortium Baird 52 

tigrinum (Green) 52 

trisruptu m Cope 52 

Amphibians 52 

A ngtt ilia fostrata (Le Sueur) 56 

iji i tm mix Girard 56 

A nota modesta Girard.. - 49 

Anser albifrons gambdi Bartlaub 33 

Ant 58 

Antelope 2, 3, 15 

Antilocapra americana t Ord.) 15 

A phelocoma woodhousei ( Baird) 39 

.1 quila chrysaetos (Linn.) 37 

Arachnids 60 

Archilochus alexandri (Bourc. & Mul.) 39 

Ashmundla 6,61 ,62,04 

ashmuni 63, 64 

ashmuni Hall 63 

robusta Pilsbry 63 

thomsoniana Aneey 63 

townsendi Bartsch 64 

I si,, ii,! ii, mi ii x (Pont. I 37 

wilsonianus t Lesson 1 37 

Istragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say) 42 

Asyndesmus leioisi Riley 

Acchenia 6 

Badger 5,8,24 

Bseolophus inornatus grist us ( Kidgway) 44 

Bat 9,10, 12 

Batrachians ."i2 

Bear 1, 2,4,5,8, 11, 24 

Beaver L'l 

Bedbugs 59 

Beetle 60 

Bernicla f>r, nta Stepn 33 

Bifidaria pcllucida parvidt ns sierki 64 

•• Big Chipmunk " 21,22 

Bighorn-. See Mountain .sheep. 

Birds 2,4,1.. id,:,, 

Bison 3, 4, 13 

Bison bison (Linn.) 

Black BIRD 5,41, 46 

Brant a bi rnicla glaucogastra ( Brehm) 33 

canadi mis en n«il< uxix ( Linn.) ,.'■ 

Bubo virginianus pallesa ns stone ::: 

Buffalo. See Bison. 

B ufo cog mil ax Say 53 

lentiginosus > oodhoust i I <;irard) 52 



Page 

Bum blebee 58 

Bui in borealis calurus Cassin 36 

swainsoni Bonaparte 30 

B utterfly 59 

Cull i pi pin squamata sqimmata (Vigors) 33 

( 'allospi 1 mophilus laU ralis I Say) 22 

Calyculina 62 

Camel 31 

Canary 15 

( 11 ids • slot Merriam 28 

nubilis Say 28 

( 'iirdiii in < latum Sow 62 

( in podacv 1 cassini Baird 41 

imiltaris 42 

frontalis Say 42 

mexieanus frontalis < Say) 41 

obscurus Nobis 42 

Castor canadensis frondator Meant- 21 

Cat 29 

Cathartes auraseptentrionalis Wied 36 

( utherpes mexieanus conspersv-s Ridgway. ... 44 

Cattle 2,9,31 

Centipede 60 

( 1 iihnccrcvs vrophaxiiniiix 1 Bonaparte 1 34 

1 1 ratichthys stt rletus Cope 56 

('in 11 x canadensis 16 

Erxl 15 

tin inn mi Xelson 16 

Chaparral cock 37 

( In 11 It 1 pi rbon n x In/ p< rb' hi 11 x 1 Pallas 1 33 

Chickadee 44 

Chickaree 22 

Chicken !,:;."> 

Chipmunk 8,22 

1 hondestes grammacv-s strigatus Sw ainson. .. 12 

g m in '-x hi nryi < a>sin 38 

1 Bonaparte 46 

III II 11/ ill lir 'lx 

Iridtci in I i in ul 11 x M iich 21 

p /, mux Allen 21 

variegatus grammurus I Say 1 21 

1 if midophorV'S gularis Baird & GLrard 50 

oct ilineatu s Baird 49 

sexlineatus ' Linn. 1 49 

tessi llatv-s pi rplexus 1 Baird A 

Girard) 19 

Cochlicopa 62 

lubrica Sfuller 64 

' 'olaptes caf( 1 1 »rs 

Conus * til 

ft rgusoni 62 

Sow 62 

ps 1 1 2 

aris 62 

73 



74 



INDEX 



('ORAI 

Corvus braehyrhynehos brochyrhynchos Brehm, 

hesperis Ridgway 

cryptoleucus 

Couch 

Cory nor hi mix macrotis pallesa ns M Eller 

( '( (TTONTATJ : 

COUGAB 

Cow 

Coyote 5 

Crane 

Crotalus conflut ntus confluentus (Say) . . . 

Crotaphytus eollaris baileyi (Stejneger)... 

chow 

Crustaceans 

( 'ryptoglaux acadica acadica i Gmelin ) . . . 

( yanoct phalus cyanoct phalus (Wied > — 

Cyanocitta stelleri diademata | Bonaparte) 

< yanocorax cassinii 

( II until ys an nnisoni (Baird) 

Deer 1,2,3,4,5,6,11 

Deer-mouse 

Dendragapus obscurus obscurus I Say ) 

Dcndroica auduboni auduboni I Townsend). 

Dipper 

Dog 

Donkey 

Dove 

Drrjobatcs villosus leucothorectis Oberholser. 

monticola Anthony 

Duck 



10,68 

40 
40 
41 
40 

12 

18 
30 
31 
,11,28 
33,46 
51 
47 
40 
(50 
37 
41 
39 
41 
21 

,16,17 

20,21 

34 

43 

46 

5,6,25 

31 

4,35 

38 

38 

4,5,33 



Eagle 4, 6,36 

Kkl 56 

Elephant 32 

Elk 1, 2, 3, 4, 15 

21 
61 
18 
65 
49 
50 
50 
50 
22 



Epimys norvegicus I Erxl. > 

Erato lilt: I Una Hinds 

Erithizon epimnthum Brandt 

Euconulus irochiformis alaskensis Pilsbry 

Eumeces obsoUtns ( Baird & Girard) 

F.tilif nia eques aurata Cope 

ornata Bafrd 

sirtalis dorsalis Baird iV Girard.. 
Eulamiaa guadrivittatus (Say) 



Felts hippolestes Merriam 30 

Fiber zibethicus osoyoost nsis Lord lg 

paliidus M earns 19 

Finch 41,42 

Fishes 1,3,10,54 

Flicker 3s 

Fly 59 

FOX 5,29 

10,52,53 

i/tiriiiiiniis ( Lesson 1 37 

Oeothlynutrich.au occidentalis Brewster 43 

Gila monster 47 

Qila pandora Cope 55 

Giraffe 31 

Glavcidium gnoma pinicola Nelson 37 

GUycirru U 61,62 

1 ."■• 1 15 

Goldfinch 4 

Gopher 19 

Goose 33 



Grasshopper 59 

Grosbeak 43 

Grouse 4,34 

Grus canadensis ( Linn.) 33 

Guinea pig 17 

Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw 1 36 

Halixftux leucocephalus leucocephalus I Linn. 1. 36,37 

Haliotis sp 62 

Hare 17 

Hawk 4, 6,36 

Heron 46 

Heterodon nasicus nay/ens 1 Baird & Girard).. 50 

Ilolbrookia macvlata maculata ( < lirard 1 47 

Homo sapiens 9,11,12 

Hornet 59 

Hornyhead 56 

Horse 2,9,11,26,3(1 

Hummingbird 4,39 

Hybognathus nuchalis A.gassiz 55 

Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) 56 

Hylocichlafuscescens salicicola Ridgway 44 

Hypsilepis iris Cope 55 

Insects 56 

Invertebrates, lower 67 

Iridoprocnt bicolor I Vieillot 1 43 

Jackrabbit 7, 17 

Jay 4,39,40,41 

Junco 42 

J unco phaeonotus caniccps 1 Woodhouse) 42 

dorsalis Henry 42 

Killdeer 46 

Lagopus leucuruf altipett ns < >sgood 34 

/< in- mux (Swainson ) 34 

Lark sparrow 42 

Leech 67 

Lejms bairdi Hayden 17 

californicus it minus Waterhouse 17 

caUotis \\ n.L'ler 17 

campestris Bach 17 

Lice 59 

Lizards 10,47 

Llama 6 

Locust 59 

Lutra canadt nsis 1 Schreher - 23 

sonora R hoa la 23 

Lutreola 1 ison 1 nergumt nos Bangs 23 

Lymnsea 61 

tit sidiosa Say 63 

ohrussa Say '■ • 

nut us/ ris M iiller 63 

Macaw 4 5 

Magpie 39 

Marmota flaviventer (Aud. & Bach) 21 

Marten 2-3 

Mattes riiutiiiu <>,■ mi nes Rhoads 23 

Meadowlarks 

1/1 In in r /us erythrocepholus (Linn.) 38 

Meleagris gallopava merriami Nelson 34 

Melongena patula fi2 

Rod. & Sow 62 

Mi lospiza faUax 4 - 

melodia morUana Henshaw 42 

Mi phitis mesomelas variant I fray 24 



INDEX 



75 



Page 

Microtus mordax Merriam 19 

Mim us polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors) 43 

Mink 23 

Mockingbird 43 

mollusks 61 

Monkey 12 

Mosquitoes 00 

Mountain lion 30 

Mountain sheep 1,3,4,14,15 

Mouse IS, 19, 20, 21 

Mule 31 

MUSKRAT 19 

Mhs musculus Linn 21 

Mustela a mericana Turton 23 

arizonensis Mearns 23 

streatnri leptus Merriam 23 

Myadestes townsendi (And.) 44 

Myotis lucifugus longicrus ( True) 12 

Myeiapods CO 

Neotoma albigula Han ley 19 

cinerca omit sit s Merriam 20 

mi xica an fallal Merriam 20 

NlGHTHAWK 38 

Notropis dilectus Girard 55 

lutrensis Baird and Girard 55 

simu-i Cope 55 

Nucifraga 'colu mbiana ( Wilson ) 41 

Nutcracker 40,41 

Nuthatch 4.44 

Odocoileus mm ricanus macroums (Raf.) 17 

hemionus ( Raf. ) 10 

Oliva a ngulata 02 

Lain 02 

biplicata Sow 62 

hiatula < Imelin 62 

Olirtlla 01 

biplicata Sowerby 61 

Orcuhilis 01,02 

concentrate Dall ii4 

strigosa depressa Ckll 04 

Gould 04 

Otter 21 

Otus asio aikt ni ( Brewster) 37 

tin in nit olus tin m meolus ( Kan p) 37 

Oris canadensis Shaw 14, 15 

Owl 4,0,11,37 

Pa ntostt us in rrovii ( ( 'ope > 55 

ph In ins Baird & I ; irard 55 

Passer domesticus ( Linn, i 43 

Peacock 45 

Pectunculus giganteus Reeve 02 

Peiecypoda 02 

Penthestes atTicapillusseptentrionalisi Harris) . 14 

gambeli gambeli ( Ridgway ) 44 

/■< rii 'ii ns canadensis capitalis Ridgway 40 

Perognalhus apache Merriam 19 

tin it sec ns Merriam 19 

llnnis Baird 19 

Peromyscus leucopus tornillo ( Mearns) 20 

mankulatus ru firms (Merriam > . . 20 

Iruei (Shufeldl I 20 

Phah nnji/iUis nuttalli nuttalli (And. I 38 

Phheotomus tibit ticola ( Bangs) 38 

PUrynosoma cornutum Harlan 49 

douglassii hernandesi \ Girard) ... 48 

ornatissimu m(Girard). 48 



Page 

Physa .' oi . <v( 

allonensis t>5 

a ncillaria Say 05 

D'Orbigniana Lea 65" 

traskii 65 

warrenia na Lea 65 

Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine; 39 

Pickorvus columbinus 40 

Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird 38 

Pigeon 4,45 

"Pine squirrel" 22 

I'ipihi arcticus 43 

maculatus montanus Swarth 42 

megalonyx 43 

Pisidium 62, 63 

Pityophis catenifer sayi (Sehlegel | 50 

sayi mexicanus Dum. & Bib 50 

Planesticus migratorius propinquus I Ridg- 

way) 44 

I 'la urn bis parvus Say 63 

Poor- will 38 

Porcupine is 

Pratrie dog 21 

Procyon Jnlor Linn 25 

Pronghorn 15 

Ptarmigan 34 

Puma 5,30 

I'n pilla 62, *u5 

blandi Morse 04 

muscorum Linne 64 

Putorius longkauda Merriam 23 

Pyramidula cronkhitei anlhorryi 65 

perspectiva Say 65 

shimehi cockerelli Pilsbry 05 

Q (JAIL 33 

Rabbit. .-. 4,5,7, 1 7 

R accoon 25 

Ra na Imlecina berla ndieri 1 Kalm ) Cope 53 

halccina ( Kalm) Cope 53 

pipu ns Sehreber 53 

virescens brachycephala (ope 53 

Hat 8, 19,20,21,32 

Rattlesnake 40,51 

Raven 40 

Redtaii 36 

Rkh-wing 5,41 

Reptiles 46 

Rhinichthys cataractx dulcis < • irard 56 

mari/losus Cope 56 

Rkhardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) HH 

Road-runner 37 

Robin 4. 44 

Sage hen ' 34 

Salamanders 10,52,53 

Salmo mykiss spilurus ( 'ope 55 

jilt 11 riiicus Cope ." 

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus [Say] 43 

Sapsttckee 38 

Sci loporus Irislicluis 4S 

nndiilains consobrinus (Baird a. 

Girard) 4s 

aberti Woodhouse 22 

fremonti Aud. & Bach 22 

neomexicanus 2! 

Scorpions 60 

Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) 39 

riifns 1 1 . melirj ) 39 



76 



1NDKX 



l'age 

Shi i r 2,14 

Shells 61 

45 

honi Mearas 44 

pygma a pygmxa V igors 44 

SK1NK 17,49 

Skunk 24 

Slugs 66 

sn uls •"" 63,66 

Snakes 10 46,60 

Solitaire : 44 

Sparrow 4,42,43 

Spi lerjn iftwCope 52 

Speolytocuniculariahypogxa\ Bonaparte)... . -37 

Spermophtxe, striped 21 

Sphyrapicus thyroideus (< as: in) 38 

M'li'Ki; 10,60 

Spilogalt gracilis saxatilii Merriam . 24 

U nuts Howell 24 

Spizella br< w< ri Cassin 42 

Squirrei 4.8,?J 22 

SteJlula calliopt i Gould) 39 

Strix occidt ntalis occidt ntalis | Xantus) 37 

Strombus gait at us Wood 62 

Succinea avara Say 65 

slr< Ich imia Bland 65 

Mi kkh 55 

Swallow 43 

Sweet-water dace 56 

Swift (birr) 39 

Swift (lizard) 46, 47 

Swine " 0,32 

Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicahus Nelson 18 

warn ni Nelson IS 

nuttalli pinetis (Allen) 18 

Tachycineta thalassina It pida Meams 43 

TamiasduTus (subgenus 1 23 

I M; INTULAS 60 

Taxi&ea taxus Schreber 24 

Thamnophis eques (Reuss 50 

Thomomys a uri us pt 1 1 agu - M erriam 19 

Thrush 44 

I i ' M ' ! 44 

1 ( .ADS 10,52,53 

IISE 10,52 

TOWHEE 42 

wrkmani Audubon 44 

Trout 54 



Page 
Ti RKET 1,2,4,6,34 

I'ti nilt I la 62 

hi 61 

Kleiner 62 

Ti nil. i. 10,52 

Urocoptida 6 

Urocyon tint nn-argi ntatt us Schreber 29 

cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns 29 

I is us ti nit rial n as Pallas 24 

horribilis horrisi us Baird 24 

Ord 24 

i in h t is Stejneger 4s 

ornata Baird & Oirard 48,f0 

stansburiana Baird & Oirard i- 

1 ti/lnitia 62 

cyclophorella Aneey 64 

Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Va- 

natta 64 

at mi a n n la Cockerel! ii( 

i Hi -mi alaskana I (all 65 

Vole 19 

VULTURl 

Wapiti 15 

Warbler 4:'. 

Wasp 59 

Water ouzel 46 

WEASEl 23 

Wildcat 5 

Wolf 28 

WOODCHUt K -'1 

\\ oodpeckee 38 

Worms 60 

\\ REN 43 

Xtiiiiinitt /iiw/its jtinilitift /ilia/as i Bonaparte . 41 

'> ELLOW-THROAT 43 

Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson) 43 

'/a mi nis constrictor flavivi rtiris I Say i 50 

1 1 lllstll III 

/tl/ills lllttlls IS 

princt [>s Allen 18 

Zebra 

Zt na id ma macroura marginclla (Woodhouse). 35 

des 62 

arbun US Say 65 



o 



